Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321962751
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 39, Problem 12TYU
SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) stash acorns in storage holes they drill in trees. When these woodpeckers breed, the offspring from previous years often help with parental duties. Activities of these nonbreeding helpers include incubating eggs and defending stashed acorns. What questions about the proximate and ultimate causation of these behaviors might a biologist ask?
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Chapter 39 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 39.1 - Contrast the role of Ca2+ in the contraction of a...Ch. 39.1 - WHAT IF? Why are the muscles of an animal that has...Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.3 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is the lunar-linked rhythm of...Ch. 39.4 - How might associative learning explain why...Ch. 39.4 - Prob. 2CC
Ch. 39.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How might a learned behavior...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Balancing selection can maintain...Ch. 39.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 39.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 39 - During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal...Ch. 39 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 39 - According to Hamiltons rule, A. natural selection...Ch. 39 - The binding of calcium to the troponin complex A....Ch. 39 - Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine...Ch. 39 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 39 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 39 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Propose a hypothesis to explain...Ch. 39 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientists studying scrub jays...Ch. 39 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 39 - FOCUS ON INFORMATION Learning is defined as a...Ch. 39 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Acorn woodpeckers...
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- INTERPRET DATA Look at the two graphs in Figure 52-21. In which experiment did the parentals in the experimental group guard the eggs more closely? In which experiment did the experimental parentals guard the young more closely? Account for these differences. RESULTS: Experiment 1: As indicated on the y-axis, which measures level of parental care, parentals reduced their level of guarding the eggs. Eight of the males in the experimental group abandoned their nests, and egg defense was significantly lower in this group compared with that in the control group. However, after eggs hatched, there was little difference in parental care of the young between the two groups. Experiment 2: During the egg phase, there was little difference in level of parental care between experimental and control groups. However, after eggs hatched, the experimental parentals significantly decreased their level of guarding the nest. CONCLUSION: Male bluegill sunfish adjust their level of parental care according to their level of perceived paternity. In Experiment 1, parentals provided less care when they perceived that the eggs may have been fertilized by sneaker males. After the eggs hatched, olfactory cues indicated that the offspring were indeed their own, and their level of care increased. In Experiment 2, parentals cared for the eggs even though some had been swapped. However, after they hatched, olfactory cues from the offspring indicated that they were not the parentals own offspring. The level of parental care decreased significantly. SOURCE: B.D. Neff, Nature, Vol. 422 (April 17, 2003): 716719. Figure 52-21 Decisions about parental carearrow_forwardCooperative behaviour is widely found among animals. Provide the following: 1) an example of cooperative behaviour between genetically related individuals 2) an example of cooperative behaviour between unrelated individuals. For each of the examples, also describe the mechanism(s) involved in maintaining cooperative behaviours during their interactions.arrow_forwardAcorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) stash acornsin storage holes they drill in trees. When these woodpeckersbreed, the offspring from previous years often help withparental duties. Activities of these nonbreeding helpers includeincubating eggs and defending stashed acorns. Propose somequestions about the proximate and ultimate causation of thesebehaviors that a behavioral biologist could ask.arrow_forward
- Please solvearrow_forwardThe survival and reproduction of young Lazuli buntings (birds) depends on the brightness of their feathers, which range from dull brown to bright blue. Juvenile birds with dull brown feathers are not attacked by adult birds and are able to obtain high quality territories and reproduce more. Juvenile birds with bright blue feathers are more attractive to mates and reproduce more when they become adults. However, birds with intermediate plumage are often attacked by adults and usually fail to reproduce. This is an example of what type of selection? Stabilizing Directional Disruptive Frequency-dependent Artificialarrow_forwardThe northern red-legged frog, or Rana aurora, is found along the western coast from British Columbia to Northern California. Their typical breeding season lasts from January to March. The foothill yellow-legged frog, or Rana boylii, is found along the western coast from northern Oregon to central California. Their typical breeding season lasts from April to July. What mechanism might keep Rana aurora and Rana boylii from mating? anatomical isolation temporal isolation geographic isolation behavioral isolationarrow_forward
- Female mimicry by males occurs in many species. For example, in the Broadley’s flat lizard (Platysaurus broadleyi), some males have the brown coloration of females while others are far more colorful (Whiting et al. 2009). Female mimics do secure some matings in the territories of their larger, more colorful rivals. Why are the bigger males (and those of the marine isopod Paracerceis sculpta) ever fooled into tolerating a female mimic? Why do female mimics occur in any species if the mating success of these individuals is lower than that of the bigger territorial males? Don't write from any online source..arrow_forwardBelding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) live in closely related groups. When they feed in the open, certain individuals (guard squirrels) watch for predators instead of feeding. The guard squirrels give an alarm call when a predator is sighted, allowing the rest of the group to run to safety. Researchers have noted that, because the alarm call draws attention to the guard, the guard is more likely to be caught by the predator and therefore has a lower survival rate in comparison with the other squirrels. Which of the following best explains the behavior of the guard squirrels? a) The guard squirrels confuse the predator, lowering the predator’s success rate because the predator cannot tell which squirrel is producing the sound. b) The behavior of the guard squirrels increases the survival of close relatives that share the genes of the guard squirrels. c) Guard squirrels are typically females who have already reproduced, so they are no longer needed by the…arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions using this information: Bowhead whales can live up to 150 years, reproducing first when they reach 25 years of age, which is when they leave their mother. The survival curve for this whale species is shown below. Indicate which answer is correct about this whale. % alive age in years 150 O They have a type 1 survival curve and show little parental care of offspring. O They have a type 2 survival curve and show strong parental care of offspring. They have a type 1 survival curve and show strong parental care of offspring O They have a type 3 survival curve and little parental care of offspring.arrow_forward
- Polygyny is a common mating system in nature. Which one of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to result in a polygynous mating system? Male stalk-eyed flies form leks where receptive females come visit Male Neotropical giant damselfly defend water-filled tree holes, which are the oviposition sites for females. Suitable tree holes for oviposition are rare and females must mate with the resident male in exchange for access to the oviposition sites. Male Bengal tigers defend large territories that contain food sources. Female Bengal tigers visit male territories to mate. The density of the Bengal tiger is extremely low that male tigers rarely encounter more than one female in their lifetime. In the bumblebee-wolf Philanthus bicinctus, females are unreceptive until they finish constructing the long underground burrow as nest sites. Males search for locations containing a number of newly constructed burrows and attempt to control these sites against the intruders. Your cousin Peter…arrow_forwardFemale parasitoid wasps search for insect hosts in which to lay eggs, and they can often discriminate among individual hosts that are more or less suitable for their offspring. Behavioral ecologists have asked whether or not the wasps’ willingness to lay eggs in less suitable hosts varies with the female’s age. On the basis of life history theory, what pattern of change would you predict? Does life history theory make any other predictions about animal behavior?arrow_forwardIntrasexual selection involves competition among one sex (typically males) for mating access to the other sex. Intersexual selection involves mate choice in which individuals from one sex (typically females) choose their mates from among individuals of the other sex. Imagine a group of males that is engaged in agonistic behavior, from which Male A emerges triumphant. Now imagine a female that is assessing all of the males that were involved in the fights, and chooses Male A. Explain why this situation shows how intrasexual and intersexual selection pressures are likely both at play in the trait selection.arrow_forward
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