Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 38, Problem 3DAA
Smoking and Lung Function Data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study was used to assess the effects of smoking on lung function. In 1985--86, the study enrolled about 5,000 people aged 18 to 30 years old in a long term study. Over the next 20 years, study subjects were periodically asked about their habits and their health, including their lung function, was assessed. FIGURE 38.19 is a model based on data from this study, of how lifetime tobacco and marijuana use affects forced expiration.
FIGURE 38.19 Associations between marijuana or tobacco smoking and the change in forced expiration volume (FEV). One joint-year means an average of one joint smoked daily for one year. One pack-year is an average of one pack smoked per day for one year. Dots at the top of the graph show the distribution of observations. Lines below show the modeled association. Blue is marijuana and black is tobacco. The change in FEV1 is given as milliliters of air.
Relatively few people had the highest level of lifetime marijuana exposure. How might additional data from such users alter the model?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
A study of smoking and lung cancer was conducted in a small island population. There were a total of 1,000 people in the study, and the study participants were followed over a ten year period. Four hundred were smokers and 600 were not. Of the smokers, fifty developed lung cancer. Of the non-smokers, 10 developed lung cancer.
Calculate the relevant measure of association, interpret and make a conclusion.
Compute Attributable Risk and interpret .
Describe the difference between incidence rate and the prevalence rate.
Assume that researchers will conduct a community based survey on hypertension. How many participants should be included in the study in order to achieve a 95% confidence level if an error of 5% would be allowable and the estimated proportion of people with hypertension is 20%?
Paper Assignment
A study was conducted on patients with liver disease and some of their observations were included in the attached excel sheet. Use the dataset provided to answer the following questions:
Q. 1.
Write a statistical summary for participants' demographic and health details that include important variables such as Albumin Level, Age, Gender, Systolic BP, and Smoking Status.
Point- 5
Q. 2.
Compute most appropriate measure of central tendency and dispersion to report the variable Albumin level.
Point-
2
Q. 3. (a) What is the appropriate statistical test to identify the significant difference between Gender groups and patients' Albumin level?
(b) Write down the assumptions of the proposed statistical test.
(c) Formulate null hypothesis & alternative hypothesis for such an association.
Point-3
Chapter 38 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 38 - Prob. 1DAACh. 38 - Smoking and Lung Function Data from the Coronary...Ch. 38 - Smoking and Lung Function Data from the Coronary...Ch. 38 - The respiratory protein hemocyanin _______. a....Ch. 38 - In a _______, air flows continually across the...Ch. 38 - Prob. 3SQCh. 38 - In human lungs, gas exchange occurs at the ______....Ch. 38 - Which holds the most dissolved oxygen? a. warm,...Ch. 38 - When you breathe quietly, inhalation is _______...Ch. 38 - During inhalation _______. a. the thoracic cavity...
Ch. 38 - Prob. 8SQCh. 38 - Most oxygen transported in human blood _______. a....Ch. 38 - At high altitudes, _______. a. nitrogen bubbles...Ch. 38 - Countercurrent flow allows _______ to maximize...Ch. 38 - ______ in arteries sense changes in the acidity of...Ch. 38 - Vital capacity is the _______. a. amount of...Ch. 38 - Prob. 14SQCh. 38 - Match the words with their descriptions. ____...Ch. 38 - Prob. 1CTCh. 38 - Prob. 2CTCh. 38 - Icefish live in the extremely cold ocean near...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- How does Volpp et al. (2009)'s study differ from existing work prior to that study's publication? Their study is the first study that analyze the effectiveness of financial incentives on smoking cessation Their study is the first study that conducts a randomized control trial to promote smoking cessation They showed that with a large sample size and strong financial incentives, it is possible to improve long-term rates of smoking cessationarrow_forwardA study published in the journal PLoS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217796) in 2019 presented results of a GWAS searching for loci impacting the risk of prolonged QRS in Hispanic/Latino people living in the U.S. QRS prolongation has been associated heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. The Manhattan plot below summarizes the results. The significance threshold for this study is shown as a horizontal line at -log₁0 (p-value) ~7.5. The names of candidate genes at each associated locus are shown at the top of the corresponding SNP tower. How many loci containing at least one gene affecting prolonged QRS risk were identified? 10 06 5 7 O 8 i SCNSA-SCN10A CDKN1A HAND1 • 88 : 7 8 9 VTI1A 10 11 SYT1 MYOCD LE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 X Yarrow_forwardYou read a study in which 55 male participants (aged 55-70 years) were assessed for handgrip strength, and changes in cardiovascular health over a 2-year period. In the statistical analysis section of the paper you note that the researchers used regression analysis as the statistical procedure. The researchers identify the independent variable as handgrip strength, and the dependent variable as change in cardiovascular health. What do you think the research question could be?You read a study in which 55 male participants (aged 55-70 years) were assessed for handgrip strength, and changes in cardiovascular health over a 2-year period. In the statistical analysis section of the paper you note that the researchers used regression analysis as the statistical procedure. The researchers identify the independent variable as handgrip strength, and the dependent variable as change in cardiovascular health. What do you think the research question could be? Select one: a. Does handgrip strength…arrow_forward
- Give typed full explanation The use of data from the "tick-box" on the death certificates to track work-related mortality trends is an example of which kind of surveillance system? Provide an explanation for your choice of surveillance system [3] Country A and Country B both have crude mortality rates for stroke of 6 per 1000 population per year. Country A has an age-adjusted mortality rate for stroke of 3 per 1000 population per year. Country B has an age-adjusted mortality rate of 8 per 1000 people. Which of the following are correct? [1] a) Country A has an older population than Country B b) Country A has a younger population than Country B c) Diagnosis of stroke is more accurate in Country A d) Diagnosis of stroke is more accurate in Country Barrow_forwardNow suppose that the researchers repeat their chocolate study, this time using new individuals for the Chocolate A and Chocolate B groups (kept the same control values). The results of their new study are reported below in Data Set 2. Data Set 2 (a repeat of the chocolate study with new individuals) Systolic readings for control group Systolic readings for those taking Chocolate A Systolic readings for those taking Chocolate B 109 110 120 118 117 117 118 116 110 122 118 110 120 118 109 Agaín, make a data range line Jraph fitst (belau), 111 111 120 116 119 117 121 117 110 116 118 110 110 120 then 120 117 110 Average (mm Hg) MEAN Confidence Interval 120 answer (119, 121) (116.33, 117.67) (109.46, 110.54) I,In the space below, comment on the ability of chocolate to lower blood pressure, BASED JUST ON THE RESULTS OF DATA SET 2. Like before, comment on the chocolate A and B resuits when compared to one another and to the control group. II. Now, consider the results of Data Set 1 and Data…arrow_forwardAt a specific hospital, a group of pancreatic cancer patients and a group of non-pancreatic cancer patients are asked about their earlier smoking habit. Of the 230 respondents, 90 are pancreatic cancer patients. 50 pancreatic patients said they were smoker while 60 non-pancreatic patients said they were smoker. a. Build a contingency table keeping smoker in row. b. Calculate the RR and interpret. c. Calculate the OR and interpret.arrow_forward
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and mortality from lung cancer is an example of ______. operationalization method of concomitant variation method of difference causalityarrow_forwardIn a study, where the causal relationship between alcohol drinking and colon cancer was studied, there were 2000 people who consume alcohol and there were 2000 people who do not consume alcohol. These populations were followed up for 10 years and after the following period there were 280 people who had colon cancer in alcohol drinker group, compared with 100 people having colon cancer in the non-drinker group. (e) Interpret your finding in the question What was the relative risk of having colon cancer risk in alcohol drinkers (what does the relative risk you found out)? explain in great detailarrow_forwardSay, you want to examine whether heavy drinking increases the risk for developing high blood pressure among adults.Please design a cohort study to investigate this potential relationship between heavy drinking and high blood pressure.arrow_forward
- Suppose a study looking at the association between smoking and bladder cancer found an odds ratio = 2.4. What would be the best way to interpret this? (Select one answer.) Smokers are 140% times as likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. People with bladder cancer are about 40% more likely to be smokers compared to people who don't have bladder cancer. Smokers have a 2.4 % more risk of bladder cancer compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have 2.4 times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to non-smokers.arrow_forwardOut of these associations between a potential exposure (risk factor) and an outcome (health condition or disease), identify the one that is most likely to be causal based on the "strength" of the association. Assume that you no nothing else about the factors and/or the outcomes. Please note: the values of some associations are hypothetical/imaginary, the associations are plausible a. A number of chemicals in tobacco products have been shown to induce cancers in laboratory settings b. Men employed in occupations requiring them to sweep chimneys with tars and/or mineral oils have been shown to have 200 times risk of dying from scrotal cancer compared with men not engaged in such occupations. c. Those who regularly engage in moderate to high intensity physical activity are half as likely to suffer a premature cardiac event compared with those who do not exercise at all. d. Adults who frequently experience inadequate and/or poor quality sleep at night are…arrow_forwardWhat was a key finding from research that contributed to the widely accepted fact that smoking leads to an increased lung cancer risk? (Choose the best answer) The retrospective data showed that smoking or not was a difference in past habits between those with cancer and those without. Patients who had lung cancer were 17 times to 1 more likely to smoke more than 2 packs a day. In a prospective study, researchers surveyed two hundred thousand people about their smoking habits and then kept track of them for 4 years. The data indicated that people who smoke cigarettes had a lung cancer rate that was 10 times larger than those who had never smoked. Rsearchers in a lab painted tar on animals and tracked whether they got cancerwhile controlling for all extraneous variables. The animals they covered in tar were more likely to contract cancer. All of the above studies contributed to this now-accepted knowledge. None of the above.…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Case Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:Cengage
Case Studies In Health Information Management
Biology
ISBN:9781337676908
Author:SCHNERING
Publisher:Cengage
How stress affects your body - Sharon Horesh Bergquist; Author: TED-Ed;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-t1Z5-oPtU;License: Standard Youtube License