Concept explainers
Smoking and Lung Function Data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study was used to assess the effects of smoking on lung function. In 1985--86, the study enrolled about 5,000 people aged 18 to 30 years old in a long term study. Over the next 20 years, study subjects were periodically asked about their habits and their health, including their lung function, was assessed. FIGURE 38.19 is a model based on data from this study, of how lifetime tobacco and marijuana use affects forced expiration.
FIGURE 38.19 Associations between marijuana or tobacco smoking and the change in forced expiration volume (FEV). One joint-year means an average of one joint smoked daily for one year. One pack-year is an average of one pack smoked per day for one year. Dots at the top of the graph show the distribution of observations. Lines below show the modeled association. Blue is marijuana and black is tobacco. The change in FEV1 is given as milliliters of air.
Based on this model, how would smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years (40 pack-years or exposure) affect FEV1? What level of marijuana smoking would produce an equivalent effect?
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 38 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
- Now suppose that the researchers repeat their chocolate study, this time using new individuals for the Chocolate A and Chocolate B groups (kept the same control values). The results of their new study are reported below in Data Set 2. Data Set 2 (a repeat of the chocolate study with new individuals) Systolic readings for control group Systolic readings for those taking Chocolate A Systolic readings for those taking Chocolate B 109 110 120 118 117 117 118 116 110 122 118 110 120 118 109 Agaín, make a data range line Jraph fitst (belau), 111 111 120 116 119 117 121 117 110 116 118 110 110 120 then 120 117 110 Average (mm Hg) MEAN Confidence Interval 120 answer (119, 121) (116.33, 117.67) (109.46, 110.54) I,In the space below, comment on the ability of chocolate to lower blood pressure, BASED JUST ON THE RESULTS OF DATA SET 2. Like before, comment on the chocolate A and B resuits when compared to one another and to the control group. II. Now, consider the results of Data Set 1 and Data…arrow_forwardAt a specific hospital, a group of pancreatic cancer patients and a group of non-pancreatic cancer patients are asked about their earlier smoking habit. Of the 230 respondents, 90 are pancreatic cancer patients. 50 pancreatic patients said they were smoker while 60 non-pancreatic patients said they were smoker. a. Build a contingency table keeping smoker in row. b. Calculate the RR and interpret. c. Calculate the OR and interpret.arrow_forwardMortality due to lung cancer was followed in groups of males in the UnitedKingdom for 50 years. Figure 20–3 shows the cumulative risk of dying from lung cancer as a function of age and smoking habits for four groups of males: those who never smoked, those who stopped at age 30, those who stopped at age 50, and those who continued to smoke. These data show clearly that individuals can substantially reduce their cumulative risk of dying from lung cancer by stopping smoking. What do you suppose is the biological basis for this observation?arrow_forward
- The following table was taken from a paper published in 1939. The authors established the smoking habits of 172 men, half of whom had been diagnosed with lung cancer and half of whom were healthy. This was one of the very first studies which sought to establish whether a link existed between exposure to tobacco and lung cancer. Lung cancer cases Healthy men Heavy smokers 56 31 Light smokers 27 41 Non- smokers 3 14 Total 86 86 1. What can you conclude about the smoking habits of the general population from these results? 2. What proportion of lung cancer cases were heavy smokers? What proportion of healthy men were heavy smokers? 3. On the basis of a comparison of the proportions in Q2, do you consider that a reasonable doctor in 1939 who had read the paper should have advised his patients not to smoke? 4. What information would you need to estimate the extent to which the health of the population is affected by smoking?arrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion Dose-response relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and mortality from lung cancer is an example of ______. operationalization method of concomitant variation method of difference causalityarrow_forwardSay, you want to examine whether heavy drinking increases the risk for developing high blood pressure among adults.Please design a cohort study to investigate this potential relationship between heavy drinking and high blood pressure.arrow_forward
- Suppose a study looking at the association between smoking and bladder cancer found an odds ratio = 2.4. What would be the best way to interpret this? (Select one answer.) Smokers are 140% times as likely to develop bladder cancer compared to non-smokers. People with bladder cancer are about 40% more likely to be smokers compared to people who don't have bladder cancer. Smokers have a 2.4 % more risk of bladder cancer compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have 2.4 times the risk of developing bladder cancer compared to non-smokers.arrow_forwardTable 2: DCMU Time (min) A600 Control "Low" DCMU "High" DCMU 0 1.200 1.300 1.300 2 1.000 1.100 1.300 4 0.730 0.960 1.300 6 0.430 0.850 1.300 8 0.330 0.720 1.300 10 0.310 0.560 1.300 12 0.300 0.520 1.300 The negative control is "high" dcmu. 3. Why do we need this negative control for Part 2?arrow_forwardThe following data is from a prospective cohort study examining the association between air pollution exposure and lung cancer. Calculate the Attributable Risk Percent. Lung Cancer Cases No Lung Cancer Exposed to Air 550 600 1150 Pollution Unexposed to Air 150 700 850 Pollution Total 700 1300 2000 O 63.1% O 302 per 1,000 30.2% O 2.7arrow_forward
- What was a key finding from research that contributed to the widely accepted fact that smoking leads to an increased lung cancer risk? (Choose the best answer) The retrospective data showed that smoking or not was a difference in past habits between those with cancer and those without. Patients who had lung cancer were 17 times to 1 more likely to smoke more than 2 packs a day. In a prospective study, researchers surveyed two hundred thousand people about their smoking habits and then kept track of them for 4 years. The data indicated that people who smoke cigarettes had a lung cancer rate that was 10 times larger than those who had never smoked. Rsearchers in a lab painted tar on animals and tracked whether they got cancerwhile controlling for all extraneous variables. The animals they covered in tar were more likely to contract cancer. All of the above studies contributed to this now-accepted knowledge. None of the above.…arrow_forwardUse the dataset provided to answer the following questions: Q1- Q3 A study was conducted on patients with liver disease and some of their observations were included in the attached excel sheet. Q1. Write a statistical summary for participants’ demographic and health details that include important variables such as Albumin levels (g/dl), age, gender & smoking status? Q2. Compute most appropriate measure of central tendency & dispersion to report the variable “Albumin level”? Q3. What is the appropriate statistical test to identify any significant difference between Gender groups and patients’ AlbuminLevels? Write down the assumptions of the proposed statistical test? Formulate null hypothesis & alternative hypothesis for such an association? Q4. Discuss correlation analysis and mention its applications in health research with an appropriate example?arrow_forward1)The Conceptual Model of Race by LaViest (1994), proposes a model with three pathways from race, to race differences in health status. Describe one (1) of these pathways from beginning to end. 2) Explain how race differences in diabetes prevalence could arise for the group described in American Indian / Alaska Native adults using the pathway in above question?arrow_forward
- Case Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:Cengage