Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 38, Problem 24RQ
Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles, and is used for cosmetic purposes under the name Botox. Which of the following iis the most likely mechanism of action of Botox?
- Botox decreases the production of acetylcholinesterase
- Botox increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Botox blocks the ATP binding site in actin
- Botox decreases the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons.
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From the following choices, choose the THREE, that would result in prevention of muscle contraction (in other words, which three descriptive changes below would result in flaccid paralysis of a muscle).
exocytosis of acetylcholine is constant, even without action potential
injection of botulinum toxin
calcium cannot be pumped back into the terminal cisternae
acetylcholine receptor remains open to sodium
active sites on actin a permanently exposed
dramatically increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase
calcium cannot bind troponin
The relaxation of skeletal muscle relies on the activity of the _ which decreases cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration.
acetylcholine receptor
Ca2+
-ATPase pump
ryanodine receptor
Na*/K* ATPase pump
Which of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect?
1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors
2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules
3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging
5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomere
Chapter 38 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 38 - Figure 38.19 Which of the following statements...Ch. 38 - Figure 38.37 Which of the following statements...Ch. 38 - Figure 38.38 The deadly nerve gas Sarin...Ch. 38 - The forearm consists of the radius and ulna radius...Ch. 38 - The pectoral girdle consists of the: clavicle and...Ch. 38 - All of the following are groups of vertebrae...Ch. 38 - Which of these is a facial bone? frontal occipital...Ch. 38 - Which of the following is not a true statement...Ch. 38 - The Haversian canal: is arranged as rods or plates...Ch. 38 - The epiphyseal plate: is arranged as rods or...
Ch. 38 - The cells responsible for bone resorption are...Ch. 38 - Compact bone is composed of trabeculae compacted...Ch. 38 - Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become...Ch. 38 - While assembling a skeleton of a new species, a...Ch. 38 - Synchondroses and symphyses are synovial joints...Ch. 38 - The movement of bone away from the midline of the...Ch. 38 - Which of the following is not a characteristic of...Ch. 38 - The elbow is an example of which type of joint?...Ch. 38 - A high ankle sprain iis an injury caused by over...Ch. 38 - In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on...Ch. 38 - The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a...Ch. 38 - The muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives....Ch. 38 - The ability of a muscle to generate tension...Ch. 38 - Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the...Ch. 38 - What are the major differences between the male...Ch. 38 - What are the major differences between the pelvic...Ch. 38 - Both hydrostatic and exoskeletons can protect...Ch. 38 - Scoliosis is a medical condition where the spine...Ch. 38 - What are the major differences between spongy bone...Ch. 38 - What are the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and...Ch. 38 - Thalidomide was a morning sickness drug given to...Ch. 38 - What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as...Ch. 38 - What movements) occur(s) at the scapulae when you...Ch. 38 - Describe the joints and motions involved in taking...Ch. 38 - How would muscle contractions be affected if ATP...Ch. 38 - What factors contribute to the amount of tension...Ch. 38 - What effect will low blood calcium have on...Ch. 38 - Skeletal muscles can only produce a mechanical...
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- Skeletal muscle contraction requires _________. a. calcium ions b. ATP c. arrival of a nerve impulse d. all of the abovearrow_forwardWhat neurotransmitters/receptors might be effective targets for drugs usedto prevent the muscle spasms characteristic of the disease tetanus?arrow_forwardWhat is the effect of adding neurotoxins to the Motor neuron membrane and muscle membrane potentials? Tetrodotoxin (TTX) - Sarin - Botulinum toxin - VX (nerve agent) -arrow_forward
- Please helparrow_forwardResearchers are working to understand a rare disease that affects the ability of the muscles to contract. They have identified that the disease is caused by abnormal gene expression leading to a relatively large intracellular space between the T-tubules and the terminal cisternae in the triad, which causes an interruption in the connection between the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor and the ryanodine calcium channel. Based on this description of the morphology underlying the disease, which of the following problems would you expect in excitation-contraction coupling? An action potential would not be able to be transmitted down the T-tubule. Re-uptake of calcium would be blocked, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium. O The actin binding sites may continue to be blocked by tropomyosin even following an action potential along the sarcolemma. O All of the above. Only B and C.arrow_forwardWhich of the following correctly states the importance of an action potential to muscle contration? The SR will only release Ca2+ if it has been electrically stimulated. Sarcomeres require a negative electrical charge to start sliding. Actin and myosin must be electrically charged to create a cross-bridge. ATP cannot be split into ADP and Pi without an action potential.arrow_forward
- In order to study and understand muscle diseases, one needs to have a good understanding of normal muscle function. Briefly outline the process of cross-bridge cycling in muscle contraction. Be sure to highlight the role of Ca2+ and ATP/ADP in the process.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT correct regarding muscle contraction? O Ca++ in the sarcoplasm returns to the nucleus to be stored ATP needs to be present for muscle relaxation A neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction ATP needs to be present for muscle contractionarrow_forwardWhich of the following summarizes the role of calcium in muscle contraction? opens the binding sites for cross bridge activity neurotransmitter that initiates the motor impulse for a contraction to occur restabilizes the ion concentration for sustained contractionsarrow_forward
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4. Ca2+ binding to troponin 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4arrow_forwardMatch the following regarding muscle contractions: The final chemical messenger and "trigger" for muscle contraction. It binds to troponin A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals It diffuses across the cell membrane resulting in depolarization Activates synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to fuse with plasma membrane of axon terminal Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound Breaks down ACh into its building blocks, rendering it ineffective [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose ]arrow_forwardSkeletal muscle is described as striated. What are the lighter, thinner stripes noted under the microscope? Group of answer choices troponin actin myosin dystrophin Rather than innervating individual muscle fibers, motor neurons often innervate two or more muscle fibers. The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are together called a: Group of answer choices motor unit myofibril muscle fascicle motor fascia Fast glycolytic muscle fibers allow for relatively quick ATP energy production by splitting glucose (but eventually leads to fatigue), a process described as: Group of answer choices fermentation aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway ATP reserve usearrow_forward
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