Concept explainers
Videos
To determine:
Definition of the terms infectious disease, pathogen, Koch’s postulate, reservoir, endemic disease, epidemic, pandemic, and antibiotic.
Explanation of Solution
Infectious disease: It is a disease that is caused by an infectious microbe that is capable of spreading from one person to another. The spread of infection can be direct from one human to another or can be indirect through a vector.
Pathogen: A pathogen is defined as a microbe or an infectious agent that is capable of causing diseases. Some examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses,
Koch’s postulate: Kosh’s postulate describes the conditions in which a bacterium can be considered as a possible pathogen for a particular disease.
Following are the conditions of Kosh’s postulates:
- The infectious bacteria should be present in all individuals having a specific disease.
- The bacteria must be grown in pure culture and should be isolated from one host only.
- The disease must be reproduced when a culture of a pure bacterium is inoculated into a susceptible host.
Reservoir: It is an organism in which the infectious agent or a pathogen can live, grow, multiply, and can be transmitted indirectly or directly to the host from there. A reservoir can be living (such as animals) or nonliving (water).
Endemic disease: An endemic disease is defined as a disease, which is native to or confined to a particular population or a geographical region. It is not widespread and occurs in specific environmental conditions.
Epidemic: An endemic is a condition in which a disease is spread within multiple communities in a particular geographical area. It is characterized by a rapid spread of infection in a particular region.
Pandemic: A pandemic is a widespread epidemic in which people of multiple regions across the globe are infected. It is characterized by a rapid spread of infection in a larger area.
Antibiotic: Antibiotics are a set of chemicals, which can prevent the growth of bacteria, either by killing the bacteria or slowing down the growth. They are widely used to treat bacterial infection.
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (5th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
- marvin dunham, a 68 year old male, is admitted to the hospital with a deep laceration to the forehead. dr. wallace applies a pressure dressing to his head to control the bleeding. what is the pcs codearrow_forwardExplain the impact William B. Travis has made.arrow_forwardIf PCR was performed on the fragment of DNA shown below using "5'-TAGG-3" and "3'-TCTA-5'" as the primers, how many base pairs long would the PCR product be? To help with this, remember the antiparallel structure of DNA and that primers are complementary and antiparallel to the target sequence that they bind to. Hint: Check out the 5' and 3' labels....they are important! 3’- T A T C C G A C A A T C G A T C G A T T G C C T T C T A A -5’ 5’- A T A G G C T G T T A G C T A G C T A A C G G A A G A T T – 3’arrow_forward
- When setting up a PCR reaction to act as a negative control for the surface protein A gene... Which primers will you add to the reaction mix? mecA primers, spa primers, mecA primers and spa primers, no primers What will you add in place of template? sterile water, MRSA DNA, Patient DNA, S. aureus DNAarrow_forwardDraft a science fair project for a 11 year old based on the human body, specifically the liverarrow_forwardYou generate a transgenic mouse line with a lox-stop-lox sequence upstream of a dominant-negative Notch fused to GFP. Upon crossing this mouse with another mouse line expressing ectoderm-specific Cre, what would you expect for the phenotype of neuronal differentiation in the resulting embryos?arrow_forward
- Hair follicle formation is thought to result from a reaction-diffusion mechanism with Wnt and its antagonist Dkk1. How is Dkk1 regulated by Wnt? Describe specific cis-regulatory elements and the net effect on Dkk1 expression.arrow_forwardLimetown S1E4 Transcript: E n 2025SP-BIO-111-PSNT1: Natu X Natural Selection in insects X + newconnect.mheducation.com/student/todo CA NATURAL SELECTION NATURAL SELECTION IN INSECTS (HARDY-WEINBERG LAW) INTRODUCTION LABORATORY SIMULATION A Lab Data Is this the correct allele frequency? Is this the correct genotype frequency? Is this the correct phenotype frequency? Total 1000 Phenotype Frequency Typica Carbonaria Allele Frequency 9 P 635 823 968 1118 1435 Color Initial Frequency Light 0.25 Dark 0.75 Frequency Gs 0.02 Allele Initial Allele Frequency Gs Allele Frequency d 0.50 0 D 0.50 0 Genotype Frequency Moths Genotype Color Moths Released Initial Frequency Frequency G5 Number of Moths Gs NC - Xarrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a sequence-specific DNA binding protein? 1. the catabolite-activated protein 2. the trp repressor protein 3. the flowering locus C protein 4. the flowering locus D protein 5. GAL4 6. all of the above are sequence-specific DNA binding proteinsarrow_forward
- Which of the following is not a DNA binding protein? 1. the lac repressor protein 2. the catabolite activated protein 3. the trp repressor protein 4. the flowering locus C protein 5. the flowering locus D protein 6. GAL4 7. all of the above are DNA binding proteinsarrow_forwardWhat symbolic and cultural behaviors are evident in the archaeological record and associated with Neandertals and anatomically modern humans in Europe beginning around 35,000 yBP (during the Upper Paleolithic)?arrow_forwardDescribe three cranial and postcranial features of Neanderthals skeletons that are likely adaptation to the cold climates of Upper Pleistocene Europe and explain how they are adaptations to a cold climate.arrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education