Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134895727
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 35.1, Problem 2CC
MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that activate the vertebrate TLR signal transduction pathway differ from the ligands in most other signaling pathways (see Concept 5.6)?
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Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific…
Chapter 35 Solutions
Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
Ch. 35.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 35.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.2 - Explain how memory cells strengthen the immune...Ch. 35.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35 - Prob. 1TYU
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- Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK receptors with respect to (a)structure (especially the transmembrane region), (b) activation mechanism, and (c) initial signal transduction across the membrane.arrow_forwardQ26arrow_forwardCreate a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of nuclear receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways thgt are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? Key physiological What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? process involved Mechanism of What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which molecules does…arrow_forward
- Just give the answers pleasearrow_forwardGive answer all questions with explanationarrow_forwardPut the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur (hint - try to decide which signaling pathway this is before working on the order): 1. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme. 2. Protein kinases are activated. 3. A signal molecule binds to a receptor. 4. Target proteins are phosphorylated. 5. Second messenger molecules are released. O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 O 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 O 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 Iarrow_forward
- In which of the following signaling pathways does ligand binding induce the phosphorylation of the receptor molecules? (Check all that apply.) A The TGF-beta pathway. B The Hedgehog/smoothened pathway. The Notch/Delta pathway. D) The Receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway. E) The canonical Wnt pathway.arrow_forwarda) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of kinase- linked receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? Key physiological process involved Mechanism of What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which…arrow_forward10-In GPCR signaling, the cleavage of PIP2 results in IP3 and: A. DAG B. CAMP C. Calcium D. Phospholipase C 11-Which of the following is a second messenger involved in alpha-adrenergic receptor signaling in liver cells: A) Glucagon B) cyclic AMP C) Calcium ions D) CO2 gas 12-Which of the following is a second messenger produced by the cleavage of PIP2 in GPCR signaling in liver cells: A. Protein kinase B. CAMP C. IP3 D. Phospholipase C 13-Which statement explains the involvement of apoptosis in Alzheimer disease? A. Apoptosis failure causes Alzheimer B. Alzheimer is caused by the death of all brain cells but not neurons. C. Alzheimer is caused by apoptosis activation in neuronal cells. D. None of brain diseases is related to apoptosis 14-Which of the following should be inhibited to block the release of calcium mediated by GPCR signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum? A. Protein kinase B. Phosphatase C. Adenylyl cyclase D. Phospholipase C 15-One of the following is an example of the…arrow_forward
- Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action of g protein coupled land possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway.arrow_forwardHelp me pleasearrow_forwardHow are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK similar? How doesinitiation of signal transduction differ for these two types of receptors?arrow_forward
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