Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (Looseleaf)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408417
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 35, Problem 2CT
After death, calcium pumps no longer function and the calcium ion concentration of muscle fiber cytoplasm increases. The result is rigor mortis —a state or postmortem muscle contraction. Explain why this contraction occurs and why it ends only when myosin heads begin to break down.
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After death, a person no longer makes ATP, and calcium stored in the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers diffuses down its concentration gradient into the muscle cytoplasm. The result is rigor mortis—an unbreakable state of muscle contraction. Explain why the contraction occurs and why it is irreversible.
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum following death. Without available ATP, rigor mortis (stiffening of the body) occurs. Explain why, if ATP is unavailable, muscles remain in a contracted state
Whether the statement, "Motor neurons trigger action potentials in muscle cell membranes that open voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in T tubules, allowing extracellular Ca2+ to enter the cytosol, bind to troponin C, and initiate rapid muscle contraction", is true or false.
Chapter 35 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (Looseleaf)
Ch. 35 - Prob. 1DAACh. 35 - Prob. 2DAACh. 35 - Prob. 3DAACh. 35 - Prob. 4DAACh. 35 - An endoskeleton consists of _________. a. a fluid...Ch. 35 - Prob. 2SQCh. 35 - Prob. 3SQCh. 35 - A ligament connects ________. a. bones at a joint...Ch. 35 - Prob. 5SQCh. 35 - The ___ attaches to the pelvic girdle. a. radius...
Ch. 35 - The ________ is the basic unit of contraction. a....Ch. 35 - In sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP...Ch. 35 - A sarcomere shortens when ________. a. thick...Ch. 35 - Prob. 10SQCh. 35 - Prob. 11SQCh. 35 - A motor unit is _________. a. a muscle and the...Ch. 35 - _______ from a motor neuron excites a muscle...Ch. 35 - The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases...Ch. 35 - Match the words with their defining feature. _____...Ch. 35 - Continued strenuous activity can cause lactate to...Ch. 35 - After death, calcium pumps no longer function and...Ch. 35 - Bully whippets are homozygous for a deletion of...Ch. 35 - Athletes tend to have stronger bones than...
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- Explain why (a) calcium ions and (b) ACh are vital for muscle contraction.arrow_forwardThe _____ is the basic unit of muscle contraction. a. myofibril b. sarcomere c. muscle fiber d. myosin filamentarrow_forwardFigure 38.37 Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true? The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the myosin head. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the actin active site. The power stroke occurs when Ca2+ binds the calcium head.arrow_forward
- Troponin C has been mutated such that it cannot bind to calcium. Describe the effect of this mutation on sarcomere shortening in skeletal muscle. A complete answer will describe the normal function of troponin C, the normal process of sarcomere shortening, and will describe the overall effect of the mutation on sarcomere shortening based on troponin C's function and its role in the overall process of sarcomere shortening.arrow_forwardThe filaments of skeletal muscle are moved by free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP. During sustained muscle contraction ATP levels remain fairly constant, while levels of creatine phosphate fall. Explain why this is so. Under what circumstances is an oxygen debt incurred during muscle contraction?arrow_forwardOne of the primary characteristics of all muscle tissue is contractility, the ability to shorten (contract) and lengthen (relax). You've identified the various components of a myofibril above. Now, use the table below to indicate what occurs to each band, line, or zone when the muscle contracts vs. relaxes. What occurs to this region / structure during contraction/relaxation? Region / Structure A-Band H-Band I-Band M-Line Z-Line Zone of Overlap Sarcomere No change Shortens Lengthens Muscle Contraction Muscle Relaxationarrow_forward
- one of the early symptoms of calcium deficiency is muscle cramps. explain why by outlining through a concise pathway of muscle contractions underlining the first step that is affected by calcium deficiency.arrow_forwardSlow-twitch (type I/red) fibers have a distinctive feature: fatigue easily relatively low quantities of glycogen relatively low quantities of myoglobin show a fast response relatively low quantities of mitochondriaarrow_forwardWhich statement or statements describe why depletion of ATP after death leads to rigor mortis? Select all that apply. ATP is required to move tropomyosin back over the active sites of thin filaments. ATP is required for myosin thick filaments to detach from actin thin filaments. ATP is required to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ATP is required for the action potential to spread across the sarcolemma.arrow_forward
- Tetanus is a phenomenon where muscle fibers are continuously contracted. What best explains this? Large action potentials on the sarcolemma Increase in acetylcholinesterase increase in the lag phase Increase in calcium pump activity Calcium remains elevated in the sarcoplasmarrow_forwardWhich of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomerearrow_forwardHumming birds and rattlesnakes can contract and relax skeletal muscle very quickly, i.e. in 10-20 milliseconds. Which of the following steps must they have shortened to speed up contractions? more brief neuronal action potentials more brief skeletal muscle attion potentials shorter duration of calcium in the cytosol all of the abovearrow_forward
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