1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics In One Dimension 3 Kinematics In Two Or Three Dimensions; Vectors 4 Dynamics: Newton's Laws Of Motion 5 Using Newton's Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces 6 Gravitation And Newton's Synthesis 7 Work And Energy 8 Conservation Of Energy 9 Linear Momentum 10 Rotationalmotion 11 Angular Momentum; General Rotation 12 Static Equilibrium; Elasticity And Fracture 13 Fluids 14 Oscillations 15 Wave Motion 16 Sound 17 Temperature, Thermal Expansion And The Ideal Gas Law 18 Kinetic Theory Of Gases 19 Heat And The First Law Of Thermodynamics 20 Second Law Of Thermodynamics 21 Electric Charge And Electric Field 22 Gauss's Law 23 Electric Potential 24 Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage 25 Electric Currents And Resistance 26 Dc Circuits 27 Magnetism 28 Sources Of Magnetic Field 29 Electromagnetic Induction And Faraday's Law 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, And Ac Circuits 31 Maxwell's Equation And Electromagnetic Waves 32 Light: Reflection And Refraction 33 Lenses And Optical Instruments 34 The Wave Nature Of Light: Interference 35 Diffraction And Polarization 36 Special Theory Of Relativity 37 Early Quantum Theory And Models Of The Atom 38 Quantum Mechanics 39 Quantum Mechanics Of Atoms 40 Molecules And Solids 41 Nuclear Physics And Radioactivity 42 Nuclear Energy; Effects And Uses Of Radiation 43 Elementary Particles 44 Astrophysics And Cosmology expand_more
35.1 Diffraction By A Single Slit Or Disk 35.2 Intensity In Single-slit Diffraction Pattern 35.3 Diffraction In The Double-slit Experiment 35.4 Limits Of Resolution; Circular Apertures 35.5 Resolution Of Telescopes And Microscopes; The Lambda Limit 35.6 Resolution Of The Human Eye And Useful Magnification 35.7 Diffraction Grating 35.8 The Spectrometer And Spectroscopy 35.9 Peak Widths And Resolving Power For A Diffraction Grating 35.10 X-rays And X-ray Diffraction 35.11 Polarization 35.12 Liquid Crystal Displays (lcd) 35.13 Scattering Of Light By The Atmosphere Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1Q: Radio waves and light are both electromagnetic waves. Why can a radio receive a signal behind a hill... Problem 2Q: Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light source through a narrow slit between... Problem 3Q: Explain why diffraction patterns are more difficult to observe with an extended light source than... Problem 4Q: For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, (b) the... Problem 5Q: Describe the single-slit diffraction pattern produced when white light falls on a slit having a... Problem 6Q: What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a)... Problem 7Q: In the single-slit diffraction pattern, why does the first off-center maximum not occur at exactly... Problem 8Q: Discuss the similarities, and differences, of double-slit interference and single-slit diffraction. Problem 9Q: Figure 3510 shows a two-slit interference pattern for the case when d is larger than D. Can the... Problem 10Q: When both diffraction and interference are taken into account in the double-slit experiment, discuss... Problem 11Q: Does diffraction limit the resolution of images formed by (a) spherical mirrors, (b) plane mirrors? Problem 13Q: Give at least two advantages for the use of large reflecting mirrors in astronomical telescopes. Problem 14Q: Atoms have diameters of about 108 cm. Can visible light be used to see an atom? Explain. Problem 15Q: Which color of visible light would give the best resolution in a microscope? Explain. Problem 16Q: Could a diffraction grating just as well be called an interference grating? Discuss. Problem 17Q: Suppose light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm is incident normally on a... Problem 18Q: What is the difference in the interference patterns formed by two slits 104 cm apart as compared to... Problem 19Q: White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just... Problem 20Q: Explain why there are tiny peaks between the main peaks produced by a diffraction grating... Problem 21Q: What does polarization tell us about the nature of light? Problem 22Q: How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizing or not? Problem 23Q Problem 1P: (I) If 680-nm light falls on a slit 0.0365 mm wide, what is the angular width of the central... Problem 2P: (I) Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is 2.60 103 mm wide. If the angle between the first... Problem 3P: (II) Light of wavelength 580 nm falls on a slit that is 3.80 103mm wide. Estimate how far the first... Problem 4P: (II) Consider microwaves which are incident perpendicular to a metal plate which has a 1.6-cm slit... Problem 5P: (II) If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 23.0 angle to the normal, describe the... Problem 6P: (II) Monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright... Problem 7P: (II) If a slit diffracts 580-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 6.0 cm wide on a screen... Problem 8P: (II) (a) For a given wavelength , what is the minimum slit width for which there will be no... Problem 9P: (II) When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either... Problem 10P: (II) A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central... Problem 11P: (II) Coherent light from a laser diode is emitted through a rectangular area 3.0 m 1.5 m... Problem 12P: (II) If you double the width of a single slit, the intensity of the light passing through the slit... Problem 13P: (II) Light of wavelength 750 nm passes through a slit 1.0 m wide and a single-slit diffraction... Problem 15P: (II) If a double-slit pattern contains exactly nine fringes in the central diffraction peak, what... Problem 16P: (II) Design a double-slit apparatus so that the central diffraction peak contains precisely... Problem 17P: (II) 605-nm light passes through a pair of slits and creates an interference pattern on a screen 2.0... Problem 19P: (II) Two 0.010-mm-wide slits are 0.030mm apart (center to center). Determine (a) the spacing between... Problem 20P: (II) Suppose d = D in a double-slit apparatus, so that the two slits merge into one slit of width... Problem 21P: (II) In a double-slit experiment, let d = 5.00D = 40.0 . Compare (as a ratio) the intensity of the... Problem 22P: (II) How many fringes are contained in the central diffraction peak for a double-slit pattern if (a)... Problem 24P: (I) What is the angular resolution limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-inch (254-cm... Problem 25P: (II) Two stars 16 light-years away are barely resolved by a 66-cm (mirror diameter) telescope. How... Problem 26P: (II) The nearest neighboring star to the Sun is about 4 light-years away. If a planet happened to be... Problem 27P: (II) If you shine a flashlight beam toward the Moon, estimate the diameter of the beam when it... Problem 28P: (II) Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can resolve features 7.5 km across on the... Problem 29P: (II) The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focal length of 50.0 mm. Its aperture diameter varies... Problem 30P: (I) At what angle will 480-nm light produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose... Problem 31P: (I) A source produces first-order lines when incident normally on a 12,000-line/cm diffraction... Problem 32P: (I) A 3500-line/cm grating produces a third-order fringe at a 26.0 angle. What wavelength of light... Problem 33P: (I) A grating has 6800 lines/cm. How many spectral orders can be seen (400 to 700 nm) when it is... Problem 34P: (II) How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the third order occurs at a 15.0 angle for... Problem 35P: (II) Red laser light from a He-Ne laser ( = 632.8 nm) is used to calibrate a diffraction grating. If... Problem 36P: (II) White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with 7800 lines/cm.... Problem 37P: (II) A diffraction grating has 6.0 l05 lines/m. Find the angular spread in the second-order... Problem 38P: (II) A tungstenhalogen bulb emits a continuous spectrum of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light... Problem 39P: (II) Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating... Problem 40P: (II) Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by a 9650 line/cm spectroscope at angles, on each... Problem 41P: (II) Suppose the angles measured in Problem 40 were produced when the spectrometer (but not the... Problem 42P: (II) The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 16.5... Problem 43P Problem 44P: (II) Missing orders occur for a diffraction grating when a diffraction minimum coincides with an... Problem 46P: (II) A 6500-line/cm diffraction grating is 3.18 cm wide. If light with wavelengths near 624 nm falls... Problem 47P: (II) A diffraction grating has 16,000 rulings in its 1.9 cm width. Determine (a) its resolving power... Problem 48P: (II) Let 580-nm light be incident normally on a diffraction grating for which d = 3.00D = 1050 nm.... Problem 49P Problem 50P: (II) First-order Bragg diffraction is observed at 26.8 relative to the crystal surface, with spacing... Problem 51P Problem 52P: (I) Two polarizers are oriented at 65 to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction... Problem 53P: (I) Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle... Problem 54P: (I) What is Brewsters angle for an airglass (n = 1.58) surface? Problem 55P: (I) What is Brewsters angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hitting the diamond (n... Problem 56P: (II) The critical angle for total internal reflection at a boundary between two materials is 55.... Problem 57P: (II) At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the... Problem 58P: (II) Two polarizers are oriented at 36.0 to one another. Light polarized at an 18.0 angle to each... Problem 59P: (II) What would Brewsters angle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from... Problem 60P: (II) Unpolarized light passes through six successive Polaroid sheets each of whose axis makes a 45... Problem 61P: (II) Two polarizers A and B are aligned so that their transmission axes are vertical and horizontal,... Problem 62P: (III) The percent polarization P of a partially polarized he am of light is defined as... Problem 63GP: When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak... Problem 64GP: A series of polarizers are each placed at a 10 interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized... Problem 65GP: The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident... Problem 66GP: A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 850... Problem 67GP: Light is incident on a diffraction grating with 7600 lines/cm and the pattern is viewed on a screen... Problem 68GP: How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any... Problem 69GP: When yellow sodium light, = 589 nm, falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a... Problem 70GP Problem 71GP: (a) How far away can a human eye distinguish two car headlights 2.0 m apart? Consider only... Problem 72GP: A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is... Problem 73GP Problem 75GP: At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized most... Problem 76GP: Unpolarized light tails on two polarizer sheets whose axes are at right angles. (a) What fraction of... Problem 77GP: Al what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the... Problem 78GP: Four polarizers are placed in succession with their axes vertical, at 30.0 to the vertical, at 60.0... Problem 79GP: Spy planes fly at extremely high altitudes (25 km) to avoid interception. Their cameras are... Problem 80GP: Two polarizers are oriented at 48 to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If... Problem 81GP Problem 83GP: The Hubble Space Telescope with an objective diameter of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the... Problem 84GP: The Earth and Moon are separated by about 400 106 m. When Mars is 8 1010 m from Earth, could a... Problem 85GP: A slit of width D = 22 m is cut through a thin aluminum plate. Light with wavelength = 650 nm... format_list_bulleted