The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV. Introduction: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

The current nutrition labelling regulation in Hong Kong requires food manufacturer to list E+7 information on the package of pre-packaged food products. Do you think that more nutrients, such as calcium and cholesterol, shall be included?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

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Answer 5

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

Answer 6

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

Answer 7

Chapter 33, Problem 1BS.1QC

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The troublesome that creates difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for HIV.

Introduction:

HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which caused a very serious disease called AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV interferes with the immune cells of body and reduces the ability to fight infections. It kills the T- helper cells and makes the individual vulnerable to infections.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Human immunodeficiency virus is a group of retrovirus which divides rapidly inside a host cell. It affects the human immune system by destroying the T helper cell and causes HIV infection, which further leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

It is very difficult to develop an effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus because the virus does not induce immune response in the infected person. The immune system of the infected individual remains blind to the viral exposure.

Vaccine is a biological tool which contains the agent that resembles the diseases causing pathogen, and results in production of antibodies and elimination of foreign organism. But there are no such animal models available that can tolerate the infection caused by virus, as the virus divides rapidly and hamper the immunity of that animal.

The genetic material of virus also alters and undergoes mutation which creates difficulty to develop a strategy for creating an effective vaccine for HIV.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

HIV vaccine is very difficult to develop due to the rapidity in the life cycle of viruses and continuously change in their genetic makeup which leads ton mutations.

Answer 12

Ch. 33.1 - Describe the function of sentinel cells in...Ch. 33.1 - Prob. 2CYP Ch. 33.1 - Prob. 3CYP Ch. 33.2 - Distinguish between the lymphatic and circulatory...Ch. 33.2 - Prob. 2CYP Ch. 33.2 - Prob. 3CYP Ch. 33.3 - Prob. 1CYP Ch. 33.3 - Prob. 2CYP Ch. 33.3 - Prob. 3CYP Ch. 33.3 - Prob. 4CYP

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 33 Solutions