Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780078024269
Author: Sylvia Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 33, Problem 2TS
Compare the ways in which natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cells they are going to kill. Why does it make good biological sense for NK cells and cytotoxic T cells to recognize, for example,virus-infected cells in these different ways?
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Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all
vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing
antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a
neutralizing antibody is
having high affinity for the antigen.
being efficient at activating the complement cascade.
having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers.
being present at a high concentration in the circulation.
0 0 0 0
What occurs in a cell-mediated immune response? Select all that apply.
Naive B cells bind to antigen on the surface of a bacterium and become activated.
A dendritic cell incorporates digested viral antigen-MHC complexes.
Naive cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen on antigen-presenting dendritic cells and become activated.
Effector cytotoxic T cells circulate through the body and kill any body cells that display the viral antigen-MHC complexes.
Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to:
The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells
The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g
The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage
The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis
The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentation
Chapter 33 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 33.1 - Describe the function of sentinel cells in...Ch. 33.1 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 33.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 33.2 - Distinguish between the lymphatic and circulatory...Ch. 33.2 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 33.2 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 33.3 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 33.3 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 33.3 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 33.3 - Prob. 4CYP
Ch. 33.4 - Distinguish between antibody-mediated immunity and...Ch. 33.4 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 33.4 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 33.5 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 33.5 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 33.5 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 33 - Prob. 1BS.1QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1BS.2QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1BS.3QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1NS.1QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1NS.2QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1NS.3QCCh. 33 - Prob. 1ACh. 33 - Prob. 2ACh. 33 - Prob. 3ACh. 33 - Prob. 4ACh. 33 - Prob. 5ACh. 33 - Prob. 6ACh. 33 - Prob. 7ACh. 33 - Prob. 8ACh. 33 - Prob. 9ACh. 33 - Prob. 10ACh. 33 - Prob. 11ACh. 33 - Prob. 12ACh. 33 - Prob. 13ACh. 33 - Prob. 14ACh. 33 - Prob. 15ACh. 33 - Prob. 16ACh. 33 - Prob. 17ACh. 33 - Prob. 18ACh. 33 - Prob. 19ACh. 33 - A child with severe combined immunodeficiency will...Ch. 33 - Prob. 21ACh. 33 - Prob. 22ACh. 33 - Prob. 23ACh. 33 - Prob. 1TSCh. 33 - Compare the ways in which natural killer cells and...Ch. 33 - Prob. 3TSCh. 33 - Prob. 4TS
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- What does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.arrow_forwardWhich is/are involved in reacting to virus-infected cells? If you think more than one are involved, then select the answer that includes all of the relevant components. Choose one: - B cells AND T cytotoxic cells - T cytotoxic cells, AND MHC I - MHC I - B cells - T cytotoxic cellsarrow_forwardYou have acquired a vial of immature B cells and would like to use them to generate and harvest antibodies against a specific pathogen of interest. You do not have access to T cells. How might you produce antibody from the B cells you have? Add high concentrations of TI-1 antigen to the culture medium. Add low concentrations of TI-2 antigen to the culture medium. Add high concentrations of TI-2 antigen to the culture medium. Add low concentrations of TI-1 antigen to the culture medium.arrow_forward
- Ehrlich's original idea of the selective theory for lymphocyte specificity postulated that a lymphocyte expresses many different antigen-specific receptors, with a foreign antigen or pathogen "selecting" one specific receptor. We now know that the outcome of clonal selection for B cells is the secretion of many copies of the same B-cell receptor in the form of a soluble antibody (humoral immunity). In what specific way was Ehrlich's original theory later refined? What are the challenges to aligning Ehrlich's original model with the above observation of humoral immunity? Does our current model of clonal selection fit this observation any better?arrow_forwardToll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complementarrow_forwardUse the following choices for the next set of questions. A choice may be used zero or more times: a)MHC class I b) MHC class Il C) both MHC class I and II d) neither MHC class | or II e) cannot be determined 21) expressed on T cells 22) captures antigens present in endosomes 23) strongly affected by proteasomal inhibition 24) downregulated by many viruses 25) the genes responsible for expression are monomorphic, meaning that identical alleles are shared throughout the populationarrow_forward
- What occurs in a cell-mediated immune response? Select all that apply.arrow_forwardB cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg. When a B cell with an antigen receptor that specifically recognizes that pathogen also has its complement receptor stimulated because the pathogen is opsonized with these C3 fragments, B cell activation is greatly enhanced. Due to this mechanism, B cells can be activated by much lower concentrations of antigen (in this case, the pathogen) than if the antigen is devoid of complement components. This mechanism functions to: Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it Induce increased rounds of B cell replication to make more pathogen-specific B cells Allow the B cell to block pathogen replication by interfering with multiple pathogen surface functionsarrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like receptors have the advantage of recognizing viruses by interacting with their spike proteins TLR signaling includes NF-kB pathways to induce synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines TLR binds to dsDNA or ssRNA to induce interferon gene expression PRR induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have local and systemic effects PRR induces innate immunity; phagocytosis, inflammation, type I interferon production, and regulate adaptive immunity; DC maturation, costimulatory molecules, type I interferonarrow_forward
- Virus infections induce production of interferons that act on infected cells to enhance their recognition by CD8 cytotoxic T cells. To counter these mechanisms, viruses often encode proteins that interfere with antigen processing and presentation. In an experiment, cells infected with Virus X are treated with interferon and compared with uninfected cells treated with interferon. Proteasomes are isolated from the two cell populations and their enzymatic activities are compared. The data in figure below show the amino acid preferences for cleavage of peptides by the two samples of proteasomes. Based on these data, Virus X most likely encodes a protein that interferes with: The expression of MHC class I on the surface of the infected cell The rate at which peptides are produced from intact proteins in the infected cell The transport of peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in the infected cell The replacement of constitutive proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome…arrow_forwardIn the antibody-mediated immune response, the binding of some antigen-presenting B cells to helper T cells initiates a signal transduction pathway that transforms the B cells into plasma cells, which will synthesize and secrete large quantities of antibodies-a specialized subset of proteins responsible for attaching to the antigen on the outer surface of pathogens. Which of the following describes the most relevant intracellular change to B cells as they are transformed into plasma cells? A B a breakdown of some membrane-bound proteins to allow synthesized antibodies to more readily diffuse across the membrane of the plasma cell с an increase in the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to allow the binding of a large number of ribosomes for antibody synthesis D an increase in the number of lysosomes in order to facilitate the storage of synthesized antibodies ahead of their transport out of the cell an increase in the volume of the mitochondria in order to increase…arrow_forwardWhat occurs in an antibody-mediated response? Select all that apply. Cytokines induce the activated cytotoxic T cell to divide repeatedly and become many effector cells and memory cells bearing the same antigen as the original cytotoxic T cell. Cytokines induce the B cell to undergo repeated mitosis and differentiate into many effector B cells and memory B cells. Effector B cells begin making and secreting huge numbers of antibodies that recognize the same antigen as the original B cell. Effector helper T cell receptors bind to corresponding antigens on a B cell and produce cytokines.arrow_forward
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