To enlist and describe: The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land. Introduction: Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

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Answer 5

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

Answer 6

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

Answer 7

Chapter 32.3, Problem 7SAQ

Summary Introduction

To enlist and describe:

The key innovations in the evolutionary history of fungi that allowed them to move from water to land.

Introduction:

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms belonging to the domain Eukarya. Fungi include eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Yeast is the only fungus that is unicellular. Fungi also include molds and mushrooms. They are heterotrophic and saprophytic. They feed on dead and decaying organic matter.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fungi have accumulated many evolutionary features over the course of time. The innovations that led fungi to move from water to land include the following:

1. Chitin cell walls.
2. Hyphae.
3. Regularly placed septa within the hyphae.
4. Multicellular fruiting bodies.
5. Dikaryotic stage.

The ancient fungi were motile (flagellated) and single-celled that lived in water. However, the current fungi are much complex and involve dikaryotic cells. In the earlier forms of fungi, there was no heterokaryotic stage. Plasmogamy is followed quickly by karyogamy. The elongation of time between plasmaogamy and karyogamy has also led to the evolution of fungi. Development of hyphae has allowed fungi to search and obtain food from new food resources on land. Thus, these features enabled fungi to move from water to land.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

The evolutionary features that helped fungi to move from water to land include chitin cell walls, hyphae, dikaryotic stage, multicellular fruiting bodies, and septa in between hyphae.

Answer 12

Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 1SAQ Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 2SAQ Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 3SAQ Ch. 32.1 - Prob. 4SAQ Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 5SAQ Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 6SAQ Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 7SAQ Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 8SAQ Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 9SAQ Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 10SAQ

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Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 32 Solutions