Chapter 32, Problem 36PE

Another set of reactions that result in the fusing of hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called the carbon cycle. It is

${}^{12}\text{C}{+}^1\text{H}{\to }^{13}\text{N+}\gamma$,

${}^{13}\text{N}{\to }^{13}\text{C}+e^{+}+v_e$,

${}^{13}\text{C}{+}^1\text{H}{\to }^{14}\text{N}+\gamma$,

${}^{14}\text{N}{+}^1\text{H}{\to }^{15}\text{O}+\gamma$,

${}^{15}\text{O}{\to }^{15}\text{N}+e^{+}+v_e$,

${}^{15}\text{N}{+}^1\text{H}{\to }^{12}\text{C}{+}^4\text{He}$.

Write down the overall effect at the carbon cycle (as was done for the proton−proton cycle in $2e^{-}+4^1\text{H}{+}^4\text{He}+2v_e+6\gamma$. Note the number of protons (^lH) required and assume that the positrons (e⁺) annihilate electrons to form more (rays.