Explanation Given: The number N of civilizations per galaxy that might be able to communicate with us can be expressed in the formula, N = S P Z B I L . Here S is the number of stars per galaxy, about 2 × 10 11 . The remaining variables, together with their pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given in the following table, Variable Meaning Pessimistic value Optimistic value P Fraction of stars with planets 0.01 1 Z Planets per star in life zone for atleast 4 billion years 0.01 1 B Fraction of suitable planets on which life begins 0.01 1 I Fraction of life forms that evolve to intelligence 0.01 1 L Fraction of star’s life during which a technological society survives. 10 − 8 10 − 4 Calculation: For finding the most pessimistic value of N , substitute S = 2 × 10 11 , Z = 0.01 , B = 0.01 , I = 0.01 a n d L = 10 − 8 in the equation given below, N = S P Z B I L N = ( 2 × 10 11 ) ( 0.01 ) ( 0.01 ) ( 0.01 ) ( 0.01 ) ( 10 − 8 ) N = ( 2 × 10 11 ) ( 0.00000001 ) × 10 − 8 N = 2 × 10 11 × 0 To determine (b) To calculate: The value of L will give 1 communicating civilization per galaxy using pessimistic estimates for other variables when the pessimistic estimate corresponds to 100 years, the optimistic estimate to 1,000,000 years. To determine (c) To explain: Whether this formula helpful in determining whether there is life on other planets

6th Edition

ISBN: 9780357422496

Author: Crauder

Publisher: CENGAGE L

See similar textbooks

Concept explainers

Counting Principles

In statistics, the counting principle can be said to be the concept in which the quantity of an item is determined. There can be a single item, or a group of items, or items that are related to each other. In every possible set of items, the quantity of …

Videos

Question

Chapter 3.2, Problem 29E

To determine

(a)

To calculate:

The most pessimistic and most optimistic values for N

To determine

(b)

To calculate:

The value of L will give 1 communicating civilization per galaxy using pessimistic estimates for other variables when the pessimistic estimate corresponds to 100 years, the optimistic estimate to 1,000,000 years.

To determine

(c)

To explain:

Whether this formula helpful in determining whether there is life on other planets

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Chapter 3.2, Problem 28E

Chapter 3.2, Problem 1SBE

Students have asked these similar questions

Solve for the matrix X: X (2 7³) x + ( 2 ) - (112) 6 14 8

5. Solve for the matrix X. (Hint: we can solve AX -1 = B whenever A is invertible) 2 3 0 Χ 2 = 3 1

Write p(x) = 6+11x+6x² as a linear combination of ƒ (x) = 2+x+4x² and g(x) = 1−x+3x² and h(x)=3+2x+5x²

Chapter 3 Solutions

FUNCTIONS+CHANGE -WEBASSIGN

Ch. 3.1 - Suppose that the peak of the roof occurs 20 rather...Ch. 3.1 - Re-do the example under the assumption that the...Ch. 3.1 - Reminder Round all answers two decimal places...Ch. 3.1 - Reminder Round all answers to two decimals places...Ch. 3.1 - Reminder Round all answers to two decimal places...Ch. 3.1 - Reminder Round all answers to two decimal places...Ch. 3.1 - Reminder Round all answers to two decimals places...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 6E Ch. 3.1 - Slides A company manufactures slides. The top of...Ch. 3.1 - Felling a Tree A tree service is to fell a tree. A...

Knowledge Booster

$Algebra$

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, algebra and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

(a) To calculate: The most pessimistic and most optimistic values for N

Solution Summary: The author calculates the most pessimistic and most optimistic values for N using the formula, N=SPZBIL.

Concept explainers

Videos

(a) To calculate: The most pessimistic and most optimistic values for N

(b) To calculate: The value of L will give 1 communicating civilization per galaxy using pessimistic estimates for other variables when the pessimistic estimate corresponds to 100 years, the optimistic estimate to 1,000,000 years.

(c) To explain: Whether this formula helpful in determining whether there is life on other planets

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 3 Solutions

(a)

To calculate:

The most pessimistic and most optimistic values for N

(b)

To calculate:

The value of L will give 1 communicating civilization per galaxy using pessimistic estimates for other variables when the pessimistic estimate corresponds to 100 years, the optimistic estimate to 1,000,000 years.

(c)

To explain:

Whether this formula helpful in determining whether there is life on other planets