Principles Of Economics 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781680920864
Author: Timothy Taylor, Steven A. Greenlaw, David Shapiro
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Textbook Question
Chapter 30, Problem 2SCQ
When governments run budget surpluses, what is done with the extra funds?
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3. Case 2) Coal plants exit, and Solar generation enters the market
Now, let's consider a scenario where the coal power plant (#1) shuts down and exits the market,
and a solar generation facility is constructed. The capacity of the solar generation facility is the
same as the coal power plant that went out of business. The generation capacities of this market
are shown below, along with their MC.
Table 3: Power Plant Capacity and Marginal Cost: Case 2
Plant #
Energy Source
Capacity (MW)
MC (S/MWh)
2
Oil
100
90
3
Natural Gas
500
50
4
Nuclear
600
0
5
Solar
300
5
Note that the solar plant (#5) can generate electricity only from 7 AM until 5PM. During these
hours, the plant can generate up to its full capacity (300 MW) but cannot generate any when
unavailable.
(a) Draw a supply curve for each hourly market (4AM, 10 AM, 2PM, 6PM).
(b) Find the market clearing prices and calculate how much electricity each power plant
generates in the hourly market (4AM, 10AM, 2PM, and 6PM).
(c) Find the…
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To analyze consumer spending, you must review the macroeconomic indicators of Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) and Retail Sales over the past year.
Selected Macroeconomic indicators
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) measure the value of household goods and services consumed and are a key indicator of consumer spending.
- Retail Sales: This tracks the total receipts of retail stores and provides insight into consumer demand and spending trends.
- Patterns over the past year:
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Over the past year, PCE has steadily increased, reflecting consumer confidence and willingness to spend. The growth rate has been moderate, driven by wage growth, low unemployment rates, and government stimulus measures. However, inflationary pressures have also impacted real purchasing power, leading to a mixed outlook.
- Retail sales have also experienced fluctuations but have generally trended upwards. After a…
Chapter 30 Solutions
Principles Of Economics 2e
Ch. 30 - When governments run budget deficits, how do they...Ch. 30 - When governments run budget surpluses, what is...Ch. 30 - Is it possible for a nation to run budget deficits...Ch. 30 - Suppose that gifts were taxed at a rate of 10 for...Ch. 30 - If an individual owns a corporation for which he...Ch. 30 - What taxes would an individual pay if he were...Ch. 30 - The social security tax is 6.2 on employees income...Ch. 30 - Debt has a certain self-reinforcing quality to it....Ch. 30 - True or False: Federal spending has grown...Ch. 30 - What is the main reason for employing...
Ch. 30 - What is the main reason for employing expansionary...Ch. 30 - In a recession, does the actual budget surplus or...Ch. 30 - What is the main advantage of automatic...Ch. 30 - Explain how automatic stabilizers work, both on...Ch. 30 - What would happen if expansionary fiscal policy...Ch. 30 - What would happen if contractionary fiscal policy...Ch. 30 - Do you think the typical time lag for fiscal...Ch. 30 - How would a balanced budget amendment affect a...Ch. 30 - How would a balanced budget amendment change the...Ch. 30 - Give some examples of changes in federal spending...Ch. 30 - Have the spending and taxes of the U.S. federal...Ch. 30 - What are the main categories of U.S. federal...Ch. 30 - What is the difference between a budget deficit, a...Ch. 30 - Have spending and taxes by state and local...Ch. 30 - What are the main categories of U.S. federal...Ch. 30 - What is the difference between a progressive tax,...Ch. 30 - What has been the general pattern of U.S. budget...Ch. 30 - What is the difference between a budget deficit...Ch. 30 - What is the difference between expansionary fiscal...Ch. 30 - Under what general macroeconomic circumstances...Ch. 30 - What is the difference between discretionary...Ch. 30 - Why do automatic stabilizers function...Ch. 30 - What is the standardized employment budget?Ch. 30 - What are some practical weaknesses of...Ch. 30 - What are some of the arguments for and against a...Ch. 30 - Why is government spending typically measured as a...Ch. 30 - Why are expenditures such as crime prevention and...Ch. 30 - Why is spending by the U.S. government on...Ch. 30 - Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol and state...Ch. 30 - What is the benefit of having state and local...Ch. 30 - In a booming economy, is the federal government...Ch. 30 - Economist Arthur Laffer famously pointed out that,...Ch. 30 - Is it possible for a nation to run budget deficits...Ch. 30 - How will cuts in state budget spending affect...Ch. 30 - Is expansionary fiscal policy more attractive to...Ch. 30 - Is Medicaid (federal government aid to low-income...Ch. 30 - What is a potential problem with a temporary tax...Ch. 30 - If the government gives a 300 tax cut to everyone...Ch. 30 - Do you agree or disagree with this statement: It...Ch. 30 - During the Great Recession of 20082009, what...Ch. 30 - A government starts off with a total debt of $3.5...Ch. 30 - If a government runs a budget deficit of 10...Ch. 30 - Specify whether expansionary or contractionary...
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- 4. Case 3) Electricity demand increases due to increased EV adoption We will continue using the Case 2 supply curve (with the solar plant in operation) for this analysis. Suppose that electricity consumption from electric vehicles (EV) increases significantly. Consequently, electricity demand in the wholesale market increases at every hour. The new demand levels are shown in Table 5 below. The market operator has backup power plants (using natural gas) ready, with a total capacity of 300 MW and a MC of $100/MWh. Table 5: Hourly Demand (selected hours) Hour Demand (MWh) 4 AM 800 10 AM 1000 ... 2 PM 1100 ... 6 PM 1300 (a) Find the market clearing prices and calculate how much electricity each power plant generates in the hourly market (4AM, 10AM, 2PM, and 6PM). Is there a specific hourly market in which the market operator will need to dispatch backup generation? (b) Compare the Case 2 scenario with the Case 3 scenario in terms of CO2 emissions and average electricity price. Based on…arrow_forward2. Case 1) NG price decreases Now, suppose that the price of natural gas decreased substantially, causing the marginal cost of the NG power plant to decrease to MC = $35/MWh. The demand is the same as in Case 0. (a) Draw a new supply curve that reflects the MC change of the NG power plant. (b) Find the market clearing prices and calculate how much electricity each power plant generates in the hourly market (4AM, 10AM, 2PM, and 6PM). (c) What happened to the coal power plant? (d) Do you think the market outcomes (like average price) and the total CO2 emissions have improved under this Case 1 scenario (use the emissions data provided in the lecture slides)?arrow_forward1. Case 0) Baseline case Table 1: Power Plant Capacity and Marginal Cost: Case 0 Plant # Energy Source Capacity (MW) MC (S/MWh) 1 Coal 300 45 2 Oil 100 90 3 4 Natural Gas Nuclear 500 50 600 0 (a) Calculate the capacity mix of this market by energy source. (b) Draw a supply curve of this wholesale generation market. Table 2 below shows the demand levels for selected hours of a representative day. We will consider only these four hourly markets for our analysis. Note that the 6 PM demand is the highest demand level of the day. Table 2: Hourly Demand (selected hours) Hour Demand (MWh) 4 AM 500 10 AM 700 2 PM 800 6 PM 1000 (c) Find the market clearing prices and calculate how much electricity each power plant generates in the hourly market (4AM, 10AM, 2PM, and 6PM). (d) Find the average price of electricity (by taking a simple average of hourly prices; [P(4am) + P(10AM) + P(2PM) + P(6PM)]/4).arrow_forward
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