Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 7RQ
Where in nature do we find cellulose? Where do we find chitin? In what way(s) are these two
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In principle, there are many different, chemically diverse ways in which small molecules can be linked to form polymers. For example, the small molecule ethene (CH2=CH2) is used commercially to make the plastic polyethylene (...–CH2–CH2– CH2–CH2–CH2–...). The individual subunits of the three major classes of biological macromolecules, however, are all linked by similar reaction mechanisms, i.e., by condensation reactions that eliminate water. Can you think of any benefits that this chemistry offers and why it might have been selected in evolution?
Please discuss any two of the structures and functions of these 4 molecules. What do they have in common? How are they different?
1) Cellulose
2) Starch
3) Glycogen
4) Chitin
Are the x and β forms of monosaccharides enantiomers of each other? Why or why not?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 3.1 - which of these is/are polar molecules? (you may...Ch. 3.1 - define organic molecules and explain why carbon is...Ch. 3.1 - explain why functional groups are important in...Ch. 3.1 - name and describe the properties of seven...Ch. 3.2 - define organic molecules and explain why carbon is...Ch. 3.3 - Describe hydrolysis of this molecule.Ch. 3.3 - describe the major types of carbohydrates?Ch. 3.3 - provide examples of each type of carbohydrate and...Ch. 3.4 - Look up the rest of the amino acids and. based on...Ch. 3.4 - Infectious prions such as those that cause mad cow...
Ch. 3.4 - Why do many proteins, when heated excessively....Ch. 3.4 - Why a Perm Is (Temporarily) Permanent?Ch. 3.4 - describe protein subunits and how proteins are...Ch. 3.4 - explain the four levels of protein structure and...Ch. 3.4 - list several functions of proteins and provide...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 4CYLCh. 3.5 - describe the general structure of nucleotides?Ch. 3.5 - list three different functions of nucleotides?Ch. 3.5 - explain how nucleic acids are synthesized?Ch. 3.5 - give two examples of nucleic acids and their...Ch. 3.5 - Puzzling Proteins All cells use DNA as a blueprint...Ch. 3.6 - What kind of reaction breaks this molecule apart?Ch. 3.6 - An obese 55-year-old woman consults her physician...Ch. 3.6 - Why are steroid hormones able to diffuse through...Ch. 3.6 - compare and contrast the structure and synthesis...Ch. 3.6 - describe the functions of fats, oils, and waxes?Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 3.6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 3 - Polar molecules a. dissolve in lipids. b. are...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 3 - Which of the following is not composed of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 5MCCh. 3 - In organic molecules made of chains of subunits,...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 3 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 3 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 3 - Fill in the following with the appropriate type of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 1RQCh. 3 - List the four principal classes of biological...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3RQCh. 3 - Prob. 4RQCh. 3 - Prob. 5RQCh. 3 - Describe the synthesis of a protein from amino...Ch. 3 - Where in nature do we find cellulose? Where do we...Ch. 3 - Based on their structure, sketch and explain how...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2ACCh. 3 - Prob. 3AC
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- Fructose, a component of sucrose, and ribose, a component of nucleic acid, have very similar structures. How do they differ?arrow_forwardGlycerolphospholipid head groups include coline, ethanolamine, glycerol and serine. Which of these groups can use hydrogen bonding or rather participate in in. And why?arrow_forwardConsider the structure of the tripeptide (in its fully protonated form) below. H H H + I || H₂N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH 1 I | H CH₂ H CH₂ CH₂ T C=O OH AA1 0=0 || HC-CH3 CH3 AA2 AA3 0=C 1. Give the sequence of the tripeptide using the ONE-LETTER DESIGNATION (UPPERCASE LETTER) with NO spaces and symbols between each letter. 2. How many ionizable groups are there in the tripeptide? Give the numerical value (e.g., 10 not ten). • pH 10: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2} 3. Which amino acid residue has one ionizable group left upon forming the tripeptide? {Choices: AA1, AA2, AA3, none, all} 4. Give the net charge of the dominant structure of the tripeptide at the given pH values. The pK, values of the amino acids are given in Table 1. • pH 4: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}arrow_forward
- The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages betweenglucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form.Which of the following could amylase break down?(A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin(B) glycogen and cellulose(C) cellulose and chitin(D) starch, chitin, and cellulosearrow_forwardOne or more of the compounds shown below will satisfy each of the following statements. Not all compounds may be used; some may be used twice. Put the number(s) in the blank. (1) Found in chitin. (2) An L-saccharide. (3) The first residue attached to asparagine in N-linked glycans. (4) A uronic acid. (5) A ketose. CH,OH CoO COO OH H H H H ОН Н но OH OH H OH H HO OH H NHC- CH, Oso, OH (a) (b) (c) CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH C=0 CHOH C=0 H-C- OH CH,OH но -с-н ČH,OH CH,OH (d) (e)arrow_forwardThe molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What wouldbe the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking tenglucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?(A) C60H120O60(B) C60H102O51(C) C60H100O50(D) C60H111O51arrow_forward
- Describe the common structural features and the differences for eachof the following pairs: (a) cellulose and glycogen; (b) D-glucose and D-fructose; (c) maltose and sucrose.arrow_forwardIn phospholipids, at least one fatty acid chain is "kinked", resulting in a bent structure. why?arrow_forwardCan triacylglycerols contain chiral carbon atoms? If so, which ones are chiral and how is their chirality determined?arrow_forward
- Compare/contrast the structures of the following carbohydrate pairs: (a) D-ribose and D-ribulose (b) isomaltose and maltose (c) cellulose and amylosearrow_forwardH OH CH2OH D H ОН H الحزن ОН CH2OH ОН H ОН I Which of the following statements correctly describes this structure? (A) The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-2 glycosidic linkage. B The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-2 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage. H CH2OH H ОН H ОН H ОНarrow_forward2) What is glycoside ? In neutral and basic solutions, glycosides do not show mutarotation. However, if the solutions are made acidic, glycosides show mutarotation. Explain why? And write a mutarotation mechanism.arrow_forward
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