(a) Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted. Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 66P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given compound are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: In ball-and-stick model, each colored ball represents a specific atom and each stick represents a bond. In this model, each black ball represents C atoms, each gray ball represents H atoms, each blue ball represents N atoms, and each red ball represents O atoms.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The most acidic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The most basic proton is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The intermolecular forces which are present between two molecules of fentanyl is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The isomer which has a higher boiling point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The sites which can hydrogen bond to water are to be predicted.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 18

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 19

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation: The electrophilic carbons in the given compound are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Functional groups containing a C=O bond are aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters and acid chlorides. The polar C=O bond makes the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, while lone pairs on carbonyl oxygen make it a nucleophile and permit to react as a base and nucleophile.

Answer 20

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Answer 21

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Answer 22

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Answer 23

Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 3.2 - (a) Classify the carbon atoms in each compound as...Ch. 3.2 - Problem 3.3 Classify a carbon atom by the number...Ch. 3.2 - Classify each alkyl halide and alcohol as , or...Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 5P Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 6P Ch. 3.2 - Draw the structure of a compound of molecular...Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 8P Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 9P Ch. 3.2 - Draw the structure of a compound fitting each...

Solution Summary: The author explains that amine and amide are the functional groups present in the given compound. The most acidic proton is labeled.

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