(a)
Interpretation:
The group number of the given electron-dot symbol should be stated.
Concept Introduction:
In an electron-dot symbol, dots are used to represent valence electrons around the elemental symbol.
When drawing or understanding an electron-dot symbol of an element, one should consider below facts;
- Each dot represents 1 electron.
- The dots are placed on the four sides of the elemental symbol.
- For 1 to 4 valence electrons, single dots are used.
- For more than 4 electrons, the dots are paired.
Valence electrons are the most loosely bound electrons of an element. They are in the outermost shell, which is also called "valence shell". Chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table depend on the number of valence electrons of that element.
For main group elements, the group number is also the number of valence electrons of the element.
(b)
Interpretation:
The charge of the ion formed by the given element should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
An atom of a main group element loses or gains electrons to obtain the electronic configuration of the noble gas closest to it in the periodic table to form ions.
Cations are formed by losing electrons, thus they have fewer electrons than protons and are positively charged.
Anions are formed by gaining electrons, thus they have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged.
For example, Sodium (Na) atom has 11 electrons (
(c)
Interpretation:
The formula of an ionic compound formed from Q and fluorine should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions, which are tightly attracted to each other.
The sum of the charges in an ionic compound must always be zero.
The formula for an ionic compound shows the ratio of ions that combine to give zero charge.
When cations and anions have different charges, the number of cations and anions differ so that the overall charge of the ionic compound be zero.
As an example, see the formulae of NaCl and MgCl2.
(d)
Interpretation:
The formula of an ionic compound formed from Q and oxygen should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions, which are tightly attracted to each other.
The sum of the charges in an ionic compound must always be zero.
The formula for an ionic compound shows the ratio of ions that combine to give zero charge.
When cations and anions have different charges, the number of cations and anions differ so that the overall charge of the ionic compound be zero.
As an example, see the formulae of NaCl and MgCl2.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
CONNECT IA GENERAL ORGANIC&BIO CHEMISTRY
- Q10: (a) Propose a synthesis of C from A. (b) Propose a synthesis of C from B. Br Br ...\SCH 3 A B Carrow_forward9: Complete the missing entities for following reactions (e.g., major product(s), reactants, and/or solvents) for the SN2 reactions to occur efficiently. Include curved-arrow mechanism for reactions a) to d).arrow_forwardComplete the missing entities for following reactions (e.g., major product(s), reactants, and/or solvents) for the SN2 reactions to occur efficiently. Include curved-arrow mechanism for reactions a) to d).arrow_forward
- QUESTION 3: Provide the synthetic steps that convert the starting material into the product (no mechanism required). HO OH NH CH3 multiple steps 요요 H3Carrow_forwardQ6: Predict the effect of the changes given on the rate of the reaction below. CH3OH CH3Cl + NaOCH3 → CH3OCH3 + NaCl a) Change the substrate from CH3CI to CH31: b) Change the nucleophile from NaOCH 3 to NaSCH3: c) Change the substrate from CH3CI to (CH3)2CHCI: d) Change the solvent from CH3OH to DMSO.arrow_forwardQ3: Arrange each group of compounds from fastest SN2 reaction rate to slowest SN2 reaction rate. a) CI Cl فيكم H3C-Cl A B C D Br Br b) A B C Br H3C-Br Darrow_forward
- Q2: Group these solvents into either protic solvents or aprotic solvents. Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H₂O, Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Acetone (CH3COCH3), CH3CH2OH, DMSO (CH3SOCH3), DMF (HCON(CH3)2), CH3OHarrow_forwardSuppose the rate of evaporation in a hot, dry region is 1.76 meters per year, and the seawater there has a salinity of 35 ‰. Assuming a 93% yield, how much salt (NaCl) can be harvested each year from 1 km2 of solar evaporation ponds that use this seawater as a source?arrow_forwardhelparrow_forward
- Explain why only the lone pairs on the central atom are taken into consideration when predicting molecular shapearrow_forward(ME EX1) Prblm #9/10 Can you explain in detail (step by step) I'm so confused with these problems. For turmber 13 can u turn them into lewis dot structures so I can better understand because, and then as well explain the resonance structure part. Thanks for the help.arrow_forwardProblems 19 and 20: (ME EX1) Can you please explain the following in detail? I'm having trouble understanding them. Both problems are difficult for me to explain in detail, so please include the drawings and answers.arrow_forward
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