Concept explainers
Videos
Distinguish between the terms electronegativity versus
Interpretation: The terms electronegativity versus electron affinity, covalent bond versus ionic bond and pure covalent bond versus polar covalent bond need to be distinguished. The types of bonds in terms of electronegativity difference need to be characterized. The reason for the formation of ionic and covalent bonds needs to be stated.
Concept introduction: The tendency of an atom to attract a bonding electron pair is termed electronegativity. The amount of energy released in adding an electron to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state leading to the formation of a negative ion is electron affinity. The transfer of one or more electrons to a non-metal from a metal is termed as the formation of an ionic bond while a covalent bond is formed by two electrons shared between two atoms.
To determine: The distinction between the given terms the characterization of the types of bonds in terms of the electronegativity difference. The justification of the formation of an ionic and covalent bond.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Answer
The required explanations have been rightfully stated.
Explanation of Solution
To determine: The distinction between the terms electronegativity versus electron affinity.
The tendency of an atom in a molecule by which it attracts the electrons towards itself in case of a covalent bond is termed as electronegativity. It is denoted by the symbol X. This was first proposed by Linus Pauling in the year 1932. The measurement of electronegativity is not possible directly and has to be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties.
While the energy change
To determine: The distinction between the terms covalent bond versus ionic bond
A type of chemical bond characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between the atoms is termed as a covalent bond.
While the ionic bond is one that is formed through the electrostatic attraction between the metal and the non-metal ions.
To determine: The distinction between the terms pure covalent bond versus polar covalent bond
When two atoms having the same electron attracting powers or electronegativities form a covalent bond, this type of bond is termed as a pure covalent bond.
And when two atoms having the different electron attracting powers or electronegativities form a covalent bond, this type of bond is termed as a polar covalent bond. In this case the displacement of the shared pair of electrons toward one of the atoms takes place.
To determine: Characterization of the types of bonds in terms of the electronegativity difference
With respect to the electronegativity difference, the formation of two binds takes place. When the electronegativity difference among the atoms exceeds 1.7, an ionic bond is formed while a covalent bond is formed if this difference is less than 1.7
To determine: The justification of the formation of an ionic and covalent bond energetically.
The formation of these two types of bonds is energetically favored as in these cases the energy of the products is somewhat less than that of the reactants resulting in the stability of the products formed.
The tendency of an atom in a molecule by which it attracts the electrons towards itself in case of a covalent bond is termed as electronegativity. The energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous sate is termed electron affinity.
The chemical bond characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between the atoms while an ionic bond is formed through the electrostatic attraction between the metal and the non-metal ions
The atoms having the same electron attracting powers or electronegativities a pure covalent bond while the bond formed by two atoms having the different electron attracting powers is a polar covalent bond
With respect to the electronegativity difference, the formation of two binds takes place, ionic and covalent.
The energy of the products is somewhat less than that of the reactants. Hence, the formation of these two types of bonds is energetically favored.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 3 Solutions
EBK CHEMISTRY: AN ATOMS FIRST APPROACH
- 4. Draw and label all possible isomers for [M(py)3(DMSO)2(CI)] (py = pyridine, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide).arrow_forwardThe emission data in cps displayed in Table 1 is reported to two decimal places by the chemist. However, the instrument output is shown in Table 2. Table 2. Iron emission from ICP-AES Sample Blank Standard Emission, cps 579.503252562 9308340.13122 Unknown Sample 343.232365741 Did the chemist make the correct choice in how they choose to display the data up in Table 1? Choose the best explanation from the choices below. No. Since the instrument calculates 12 digits for all values, they should all be kept and not truncated. Doing so would eliminate significant information. No. Since the instrument calculates 5 decimal places for the standard, all of the values should be limited to the same number. The other decimal places are not significant for the blank and unknown sample. Yes. The way Saman made the standards was limited by the 250-mL volumetric flask. This glassware can report values to 2 decimal places, and this establishes our number of significant figures. Yes. Instrumental data…arrow_forwardSteps and explanation pleasearrow_forward
- Try: Convert the given 3D perspective structure to Newman projection about C2 - C3 bond (C2 carbon in the front). Also, show Newman projection of other possible staggered conformers and circle the most stable conformation. Use the template shown. F H3C Br Harrow_forwardNonearrow_forward16. Consider the probability distribution p(x) = ax", 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for a positive integer n. A. Derive an expression for the constant a, to normalize p(x). B. Compute the average (x) as a function of n. C. Compute σ2 = (x²) - (x)², the variance of x, as a function of n.arrow_forward
- 451. Use the diffusion model from lecture that showed the likelihood of mixing occurring in a lattice model with eight lattice sites: Case Left Right A B C Permeable Barrier → and show that with 2V lattice sites on each side of the permeable barrier and a total of 2V white particles and 2V black particles, that perfect de-mixing (all one color on each side of the barrier) becomes increasingly unlikely as V increases.arrow_forward46. Consider an ideal gas that occupies 2.50 dm³ at a pressure of 3.00 bar. If the gas is compressed isothermally at a constant external pressure so that the final volume is 0.500 dm³, calculate the smallest value Rest can have. Calculate the work involved using this value of Rext.arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward
Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
Introductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning