Data Structures and Algorithms in Java
Data Structures and Algorithms in Java
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781119278023
Author: Michael T. Goodrich; Roberto Tamassia; Michael H. Goldwasser
Publisher: Wiley Global Education US
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Chapter 3, Problem 13R

Explanation of Solution

Difference between “shallow equality” and “deep equality” tests:

Shallow equality testDeep equality test
It compares the references for equality. That is, checking the memory address is same for both objects “a” and “b”.It compares for objects equivalence. That is, checking two objects “a” and “b” are logically equal.
It compares by using the “==”.It compares using the “equals()” method.

For one-dimensional array:

Shallow equality test for one-dimensional arrayDeep equality test for one-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal.It compares the contents of two array objects repeatedly until all primitive fields are equal.

For example:

int[] a = {1};

int[] b = {1};

for(int i = 0; i <a.length ; i++)

{

if(a[i] == b[i])

return true;

}

For example:

int[] a = {1, 2, 3};

int[] b = {1, 2, 3};

if(Arrays.equals(a, b))

return true;

Explanation:

“==” helps to compare the immediate content of “a” and “b” array and then return true.

Explanation:

“equals()” method helps to compare the content of “a” and “b” array repeatedly to compare all primitive fields and then return true.

For two-dimensional array:

Shallow equality test for two-dimensional arrayDeep equality test for two-dimensional array
It compares the immediate contents of two array objects to determine whether the two array values are equal...

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