
(a)
To determine:
Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H3C-CH=O and H2O with the help of a figure.
Introduction:
(b)
To determine:
With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl2, NH3 and CH4 will be polar or not.
Introduction:
When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.
(c)
To determine:
The pH of a solution with a H+ concentration of 0.00001 M.
Introduction:
Dissociation of water results in generation of H+ and OH- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H+ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.
(d)
To determine:
The pH of a solution with a OH- concentration of 0.00001 M.
Introduction:
Dissociation of water results in generation of H+ and OH- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H+ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.
(e)
To determine:
The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.
Introduction:
Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.
(f)
To determine:
The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.
Introduction:
Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.
Explanation:
Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg2+. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:
Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

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Chapter 2 Solutions
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