Chapter 29, Problem 29.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The products of given reaction is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The nucleophilic substitution reaction in which bond-making and bond-breaking takes place in same step is termed as ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reactions. This is a one-step reaction in which both nucleophile and substrate participate in the rate determining step. The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction gives inversion of configuration at the reaction centre.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The products of given reaction is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Alkylation of carbonyl compounds takes place in the presence of a strong base. The use of appropriate base, solvent and temperature can yield one major product regioselectively. The first step is abstraction of proton and second step is attack of electrophile to form alkylated product.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The products of given reaction is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The Strecker synthesis is the method of conversion of aldehydes into amino acid. The first step is the nucleophilic addition of ammonia on carbonyl group to form imine. The next step involves the addition of cyanide to $\text{C}=\text{N}$ bond of imine to form $\text{α}$-amino nitrile. This $\text{α}$-amino nitrile is hydrolyzed to form $\text{α}$-amino acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The products of given reaction is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Nucleophilic addition reaction is a type of organic reaction in which the nucleophile is added to an electrophilic site. In case of carbonyl compounds, the carbonyl carbon acts as an electrophilic site.