The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP. Introduction : The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

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In 1956, E. P. Kennedy and S. B. Weiss published their study of membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) synthesis in rat liver. Their hypothesis was that phosphocholine joined with some cellular component to yield lecithin. In an earlier experiment, incubating 32 P-labeled phosphocholine at physiological temperature (37 °C) with broken cells from rat liver yielded labeled lecithin. This became their assay for the enzymes involved in lecithin synthesis. Determine the optimal pH for this enzyme and characterize the enzyme activity at different pH values. -O-P-O-CH2-CH₁₂-N(CH3)3 Phosphocholine H₂C-O-C-R HC-O-C-R2 + + + Cell fraction + ? HC-O-P-O-CH₁₂-CH₂-N(CH), O Phosphatidylcholine The researchers then centrifuged the broken cell preparation to separate the membranes from the soluble proteins. They tested three preparations: whole extract, membranes, and soluble proteins. Table 1 summarizes the results. Table 1: Cell fraction requirement for incorporation of 32p-phosphocholine into…

Researchers isolated an unknown substance, X, from rabbit muscle. They determined its structure from the following observations and experiments. (a) Qualitative analysis showed that X was composed entirely of C, H, and O. A weighed sample of X was completely oxidized and the H2O and CO2 produced were measured. This quantitative analysis revealed that X contained 40.00% C, 6.71% H, and 53.29% O by weight. (b) The molecular mass of X, as determined by mass spectrometry, was 90.00 atomic mass units (u). (c) Infrared spectroscopy showed that X contained one double bond. (d) X dissolved readily in water, and the solution demonstrated optical activity when tested in a polarimeter. (e) The aqueous solution of X is acidic. What is the empirical formula of X?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 5

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Answer 6

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Answer 7

Chapter 27, Problem 8P

Summary Introduction

To determine: The minimum energy cost, in terms of ATP equivalents expended, for the biosynthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin, starting from a pool including all necessary amino acids, ATP and GTP.

Introduction:

The polymeric biomolecules are synthesized and involves initiation, elongation and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

To determine: The extra energy cost of making a protein, in which all the residues are ordered in a specific sequence, compared with the cost with the cost of making a polysaccharide containing the same number of residues but lacking the informational content of the protein.

Introduction:

The synthesis of polymeric biomolecules involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. The amino acids activation before their assimilation into polypeptides and the posttranslational processing of the completed polypeptide play a crucial role in ensuring the suitable protein function.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To compare: The answer obtained with the direct energy cost of the biosynthesis of a linear glycogen chain of 146 residues in (α1→4) starting from a pool including glucose.

Introduction:

During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled. Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications.

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

To compare: The magnitude of the indirect costs to a eukaryotic cell of the biosynthesis of linear (α1→4) glycogen chains and the biosynthesis of polypeptides, in terms of the enzymatic machinery involved.

Introduction:

Most proteins are processed after synthesis. Some amino acids may be removed and some can undergo chemical modifications. During protein synthesis, the protein must fold into its conformation, becomes active and ribosome components are recycled.

Answer 14

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 27 - Prob. 1P Ch. 27 - Prob. 2P Ch. 27 - Prob. 3P Ch. 27 - Prob. 4P Ch. 27 - Prob. 5P Ch. 27 - Prob. 6P Ch. 27 - Prob. 7P Ch. 27 - Prob. 8P Ch. 27 - Prob. 9P Ch. 27 - Prob. 10P

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