EBK PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOG
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781119662686
Author: DERRICKSON
Publisher: VST
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Question
Chapter 27, Problem 4CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The ways in which osmolarity of the body fluid is regulated by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Introduction:
Sweating and exhalation are the routes through which the water and solutes are lost from the body. However, the main route for solute and water loss is in urine. The loss of water results in increased osmolarity of the blood and this is regulated by the hormones aldosterone, ANP, and ADH.
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How does ADH affect the amount of water in the body,and how does it accomplish this? How does this affect the osmolarity of the blood?
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1. There is a medical condition called Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion, which can occur as a result of head trauma. Patients with this condition retain water and present with a volume imbalance.
A) Name the type of volume imbalance and accompanying direction of changes in ICF and ECF volumes and osmolality.
B) Calculate the changes in osmolality and volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments if 3 liters of water are retained by a patient with SIADH. You can assume that the patient’s initial volumes were ECF=14 L, ICF=28 L. And his initial body osmolality = 290 mOsM. Remember that the total solute in the ICF compartment is kept in place by the cell membrane barrier.
Chapter 27 Solutions
EBK PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOG
Ch. 27 - Prob. 1CPCh. 27 - Prob. 2CPCh. 27 - 3. By what mechanism does thirst help regulate...Ch. 27 - Prob. 4CPCh. 27 - What factors control the movement of water between...Ch. 27 - 6. What are the functions of electrolytes in the...Ch. 27 - Name three important extracellular electrolytes,...Ch. 27 - Prob. 8CPCh. 27 - Prob. 9CPCh. 27 - What are the principal physiological effects of...
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- A. Maintenance of fluid balance is important for the survival of humans. How does antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone contributes to the maintenance of fluid balance?(ii) High blood pressure can result from increased sodium concentration of plasma. What is the main hormone involved in regulation of sodium and how does it affect the sodium content of blood?(iii) Compare intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid in terms of their chemical composition of proteins, sodium and potassium.(b) Explain the morphological changes that will occur and the driving force when red blood cells are place in (i) 2.0 % sodium chloride solution (ii) 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (iii) 0.01 % sodium chloride solution 1. What are the 4 causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage? 2. State the factors involved in congenital berry or saccular aneurysm 3. Mention 5 specific brain tumors that you know. 4. What is dura mater, arachnoid matter and pia matter? 5. What is meningioma 6. What is acute subdural hematoma 7.…arrow_forward87. A patient develops increased thirst and urinary frequency shortly after head trauma. If ADH (vasopressin) deficiency is the cause, which of the following changes in osmolality is expected? Osmolality Plasma ↑ ↓ O O O O Urine A) ↑ B) ↑ ↓ ↓arrow_forward5. During an in vitro experiment studying aldosterone secretion, an isolated adrenal gland is perfused with various concentrations of potassium and angiotensin II Which of the following combinations of potassium and angiotensin II will cause the greatest increase in aldosterone secretion? Angiotensin II Potassium Increased Increased Increased Normal Normal Normal Decreased Decreased OA) OB) OC) D) DE) QF) G) H) ) Decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreasedarrow_forward
- Why does inhibition of ADH result in increased serum osmolarity?arrow_forwardWhat is the function of sodium ion in the body?arrow_forwardSelect the best answer or answers from the choices given: Which of the following is/are true about ADH? (a) It promotes obligatory water reabsorption, (b) it is secreted in response to an increase in extracellular fluid osmolality, (c) it causes insertion of aquaporins in the PCT, (d) it promotes Na+ reabsorption.arrow_forward
- a)Name the two factors that trigger the release of ADH (vasopressin). b) What happens to plasma osmolarity when there is excessive water loss through sweating and it is not replaced? c) Describe the renal regulation of potassium, where is K+, what is the hormone that is responsible for the secretion of K+, the name of the cells, and the location in the nephron where the fine-tuning of K+ occurs.arrow_forwardWhat are the most important extracellular and intracellular fluid ions and give the significance of each? Intracellular: Potassium ion Magnesium ion Phosphate Sulfate Extracellular: Sodium ion Chloride Bicarbonatearrow_forwarddrugs known as potassium-sparing diuretics work by blocking the effects of aldosterone on the kidney. what effect would these drugs have on the amount of urine produced, on the blood pressure, and on potassium ion concentration in the blood? could these drugs have a negative impact on the acid-base balance of the body? explain.arrow_forward
- Renal Physiology (humans) a) When blood pressure declines, granular cells produce renin, an enzyme that enters the circulatory system and cleaves angiotensinogen. b) Aldosterone acts on cells of the collecting duct to cause both sodium reabsorption into blood and potassium secretion into urine. c) The production of excess aldosterone by an adrenal tumor would indirectly lead to the hyperpolarization of excitable cardiac cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forwardRenin is secreted in response to hypovolemia or to an increase in the osmolality of the blood. Provide three possible mechanisms by which these conditions may stimulate rennin secretion. What are the consequences of increased rennin secretion that lead to increased aldosterone secretion? Present this sequence of events. Why are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) used as a common therapy for hypertension? How do they influence blood pressure? Are plasma levels of renin elevated or depressed in a patient with Conn’s disease? Why?arrow_forwardJessica’s plasma osmolality was higher than normal, and she complained of being constantly thirsty.How does her high plasma osmolality cause her thirst?How does her high plasma osmolality relate to her taking a diuretic drug and having hyperglycemia?arrow_forward
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