Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 27, Problem 4A
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus, which is a causative agent of HIV/AIDS. To treat the infections of HIV virus, HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) is used. The HAART therapy is the combination of three antiviral drugs. These drugs inhibit the replication of virus.
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A researcher, studying two different animal viruses (A and B) that infect the same cell type, digests away all the protein and transfers the nucleic acid directly into the host cell. Only virus B causes the infection. This suggests:
a. Virus A is likely to be a naked virus.
b. Virus A is likely to be an enveloped virus.
c. Virus A is likely to be a -ssRNA virus.
d. Virus A is likely to be a +ssRNA virus.
e. Virus A is likely to be a dsDNA virus.
And now explain why.
Why are vaccines and/or passive immunization the method of choice in the
treatment or prevention of viral infections?
A. There are no known inhibitors to reverse transcription
B. Viruses are non-living and do not have their own genetic mechanisms to reproduce
by themselves hence host cells must rely on targeting the virus or their products.
C. Antibodies prevent replication of viral genome
D. Antibodies prevent transcription and translation of viral genomes
E. All of these
You would like to create an anti-viral medication that is active against both H5N2 and H5N1 strains of influenza. The best drug target would be:
a. ribosomal protein production
b. Hemagglutinin-mediated fusion
c. Neuroaminidase-mediated budding
Chapter 27 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 27 - The reverse transcriptase enzyme is active in...Ch. 27 - Which of the following is NOT part of a virus? a....Ch. 27 - Which of the following is common in animal viruses...Ch. 27 - Which of the following would NOT be part of the...Ch. 27 - A process by which a virus may change a benign...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6UCh. 27 - Prob. 7UCh. 27 - Prob. 1ACh. 27 - The idea of a protein that was an infectious agent...Ch. 27 - Bacterial viruses and animal viruses are similar...
Ch. 27 - Prob. 4ACh. 27 - Phage conversion in which viruses add genes to a...Ch. 27 - According to the prion hypothesis, the infectious...Ch. 27 - Prob. 7ACh. 27 - Prob. 8ACh. 27 - E. coli lysogens derived from infection by phage ...Ch. 27 - Most biologists believe that viruses evolved...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3SCh. 27 - What do we mean by the term emerging virus? How is...Ch. 27 - How might phage be used to transfer E. coli genes...
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- Antigenic drift refers to: A.The reassortment of genomic segments from different viruses B.Cytotoxic T cells identifying viral infected host cells C.The accumulation of mutations in the viral genome due to an error prone polymerase D.Antigen presenting cells failure to recognize the influenza virusarrow_forwardWe are confronted with a new RNA virus that uses x-proteins to attach to host cells and primarily infects liver cells. Based on this we would expect: (2 answers only) a. possible latent infections b. viral susceptibility to valacyclovir c. viral suspeptibility to RNA->RNA pol inhibitor d. symptoms of hepatitsarrow_forwardA positive-strand RNA virus: a.must first be converted to a mRNA before viralproteins can be translated b.is not recognized by host ribosomes. c.can directly translate viral proteins. d.will be degraded by host enzymes. e.needs RNA dependent RNA polymerase to get converted into mRNAarrow_forward
- People with the CCR5Δ32 mutation of a T-cell surface protein can be exposed to some strains of HIV-1 without becoming sick. What step of the virus life cycle is likely to be inhibited with this mutation? a. Release b. Reverse transcription c. Uncoating d. Attachmentarrow_forward7) dsDNA viruses can have more genetic material than ssRNA viruses because: a. RNA catalyzes its own hydrolysis. b. A second strand improves the stability of nucleotides c. DNAS have improved stability and lower mutation rates because of host repair proteins. d. The extra hydroxyl group makes RNA more energetically expensive for host cells.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin? A. it disrupts protein synthesis in resistant bacteria. B. Streptomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis in all bacterial species. C. Streptomycin creates mutations in bacteria which cause them to become resistant. D. It disrupts protein synthesis in nonresistant bacteria.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements are correct for DNA viruses? Mark all that apply. A.The genome consists of dsRNA B. A provirus stage occurs during viral replication C. The genome consists of two identical strands of DNA D. Replication requires reverse transcriptase Replication requires DNA polymerase E.The viral DNA must enter the nucleus for its replication F. Uncoating must occur for the virus to be replicated G.The viral genome acts as a template for production of viral proteinsarrow_forwardExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is a. Flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine. b. The polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus. c. Exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B lymphocytes. d. The flu has several strains that change seasonally.arrow_forwardHow does a retrovirus prepare its genetic material for incorporation into the host cell genome? a. Host enzymes incorporate viral RNA directly into the genome. b. Host enzymes covert viral RNA to double-stranded viral DNA. c. Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make double-stranded viral RNA. d. Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make double-stranded viral DNA. e. Viral reverse transcriptase uses viral single-stranded DNA to make double-stranded viral DNA.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about viruses is false? a. Viruses require a host cell to reproduce. b. Viruses are sensitive to interferons. c. Viral infections can generally be controlled with antibiotics. d. Viruses encode their own genome.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a commonality between coxsackievirus A16 infection and a varicella zoster infection?Choose one: A. Both infections are caused by viruses in the herpes family. B. Each disease is usually mild and self-limiting in children but is more severe in adults. C. Both viruses can cause a spotted rash to appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. D. There is a vaccine available for both viruses.arrow_forwardSymptoms of viral infections are caused by: (choose all that apply) A. Actions of the virus that result in cell damage or death B. Actions of the immune system that result in cell damage or death C. Changes in a cell's genetics that result in cancerarrow_forward
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