(a) Interpretation: The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted. Concept introduction: The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction. The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion. The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups. The different positions with respect to group ( − X ) in the benzene ring are as follows:

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

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Answer 5

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 6

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 7

Chapter 27, Problem 39E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The main products of mononitration of chlorobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Nitration is an example of such a reaction.

The nitration takes place in the presence of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. In this reaction, the protonation of nitric acid occurs in order to produce the nitronium ion.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The main products of monosulfonation of nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Sulphonation is an example of such a reaction.

The sulfonation takes place in the presence of sulphuric acid. In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is formed that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The main products of monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The electrophilic aromatic substitution is the type of reaction in which an electrophile substitutes the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound. Chlorination is an example of such a reaction.

The chlorination takes place in the presence of aluminium chloride. In this reaction, the chloronium ion is produced that acts as an electrophile.

The activating groups are the groups that have the ability to donate the electron density to the benzene ring. The deactivating groups are the groups that have the ability to withdraw the electron density to the benzene ring. The ortho and para directing groups are the activating groups while meta directing groups are deactivating groups.

The different positions with respect to group (−X) in the benzene ring are as follows:

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 27 - Describe what is meant by each of the following...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2E Ch. 27 - Prob. 3E Ch. 27 - Prob. 4E Ch. 27 - Prob. 5E Ch. 27 - Prob. 6E Ch. 27 - Prob. 7E Ch. 27 - Prob. 8E Ch. 27 - Answer the following questions for this SN2...Ch. 27 - Answer the following questions for this SN1...

Solution Summary: The author explains the electrophilic aromatic substitution, which involves substituting the hydrogen atom of the aromatic compound.

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Chapter 27 Solutions