LAUNCHPAD F/WHAT IS LIFE
LAUNCHPAD F/WHAT IS LIFE
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781319231897
Author: PHELAN
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
Question
Book Icon
Chapter 27, Problem 1SA
Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
Awnser these Discussion Questions Answer these discussion questions and submit them as part of your lab report. Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution. How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction? At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain. Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures? Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans? What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body? Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution. At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain. Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity? Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body? What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach),…
Anwser these Discussion Questions: Part One Why were the plants kept in the dark prior to the experiment? Why is this important? Why is it important to boil the leaf? Explain why it was necessary to use boiling alcohol? What is the purpose of the iodine? Part Two What was the purpose of keeping the leaf in the dark and then covering it with a cardboard cut-out? What conclusions can you draw from this part of the lab? Part Three 7. In this experiment what was the purpose of adding the soda lime? 8. Why was a sealed bag placed around each plant? 9. What happened in the control plants? 10. What was the result on photosynthesis? Part Four 11. Why was a variegated leaf used in this experiment? !2. What conclusions can you draw about starch production in a variegated leaf?
How did the color differences between the two bacterial species you used in this experiment help you determine if the streak plate method you performed was successful?
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305112100
Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Intro To Health Care
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781337338295
Author:Mitchell
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spira...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9781305634350
Author:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. Schroeder
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Basic Clinical Laboratory Techniques 6E
Biology
ISBN:9781133893943
Author:ESTRIDGE
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning