The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals. Introduction: The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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✓ Details Draw a protein that is embedded in a membrane (a transmembrane protein), label the lipid bilayer and the protein. Identify the areas of the lipid bilayer that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Draw a membrane with two transporters: a proton pump transporter that uses ATP to generate a proton gradient, and a second transporter that moves glucose by secondary active transport (cartoon-like is ok). It will be important to show protons moving in the correct direction, and that the transporter that is powered by secondary active transport is logically related to the proton pump.

drawing chemical structure of ATP. please draw in and label whats asked. Thank you.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The role of symbiotic bacteria in reproductive isolation and in the origins of multicellular animals.

Introduction:

The phenotypic plasticity involves the interaction of numerous species with an expected population of symbionts. The transmission of symbionts through the germ line, acts as a second system of inheritance. The symbiotic microorganism changes more rapidly under the environmental stresses compare to multicellular organisms. According to Rosenberg et.al. (2007) microorganism confers great adaptive potential to the host genome by different modes compare to the host genome without symbionts. Symbiont also acts as a source of selectable variation, during the evolutionary course of time.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The adaptive potential confers by the microorganism depends upon a number of different mechanism. The relative abundance of microorganisms which are associated with the host shows an efficient change during environmental pressures shift. The adaptive variation has a tendency to introduce new symbionts. The genomic change caused by the recombination or random mutation incorporate more rapidly in microbial symbiont comapre to the host. Probably their is a horizontal gene transfer occurs between the members of symbiotic community. Symbionts can cause the reproductive isolation, in this isolation interbreeding is prevented between the holobiont populations. The presence of microorganism in a species specially in the cytoplasm of the cell and absence in another, can prevent the formation of a viable hybrid. Data suggests that symbionts may cause the genetic incompatibility, and acts as a reproductive barrier.

The evolution of multicellularity is also associated with the symbionts. The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms around 3-3.5 billion years ago. The cell organelles mitochondria and chloroplast also share a number of similarities with bacterial cells, indicate the origin of multicellular organism.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus it is concluded that symbiotic bacteria play an important role in reproductive isolation and also in the origins of multicellular animals as explained in the above section.

Answer 12

Ch. 26 - Prob. 1DQ

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