
To review:
The evidence related to the difference in gut bacteria in children born by Ceasarean delivery (surgical C-section i.e. without passing through the birth canal) compare to the children born by normal vaginal delivery. Whether C-section delivery makes the children more prone to some diseases comare to the children by vaginal delivery.
Introduction:
There is a dramatic change in gut bacteria during human pregnency which help a pregnant woman to adapt under the stress condition related to carrying a fetus. The microbial community plays an important role in performing specific functions. The intestinal microbiota is essential for the development of the immune system and possible pathogenesis of several allergic and autoimmune diseases. The infants born vaginally are exposed to a group of beneficial microorganism known as microbiota, when passes through the birth canal. This exposure of the baby to the mother's vaginal microbes passes the mother's flora to the baby which is important in the post natal development of the immune system of the baby.

Explanation of Solution
Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and the mucosal immune system are related to each other. The early development of the intestinal microbiota in relation to the developing immune system and the early influence of caesarean versus vaginal delivery (VD) is a matter of concern always, as infants after a caesarean delivery, have been associated with increased risks of asthma, allergies, obesity, and immune deficiencies. In the process of C-section infant won't come into contact with maternal vaginal fluid or microflora, instead exposed with skin microbes which are a very different set of bacterial species. Nevertheless, there is a number of evidence which shows that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the postnatal development of the immune system. This intestinal flora development varies based on the mode of delivery. The available epidemiological data indicates that atopic diseases appear more often in infants born after caesarean delivery than after vaginal delivery. The exposure during the vaginal delivery makes the infant's more access to the mother's microbiota, which enters in the intestine during the travel of baby through the birth canal.
Malamitsi-Puchner et al. proposed that only vaginal delivery promotes the production of several cytokines implicated in neonatal immunity. Hallstrom et al. found a connection between caesarean delivery, disturbed intestinal colonization and probable occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Several other epidemiological data demonstrates that caesarean delivery imparts an increased risk for allergic diseases in later childhood.
Thus it is concluded that a number of evidence supports the fact related to the difference in gut bacteria in children born by Ceasarean delivery compare to the children born by normal vaginal delivery. C-section delivery makes the children more prone to some diseases like asthma, allergies, obesity, and immune deficiencies comare to the children born by vaginal delivery.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 25 Solutions
Developmental Biology
- 3) Which statement(s) about the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is/are TRUE? CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY. A. It is a major driver of salmon populations in the Pacific B. It affects sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific C. Its cycles typically do not last as long as those of ENSO D. Evidence that it has occurred over many centuries has been gathered from tree ring dataarrow_forward4.arrow_forward2arrow_forward
- 1. 2. 3. Marine fish cells are hypotonic compared to their seawater environment; their cells lose water by osmosis and gain solutes. If you add heterotrophic respiration and autotrophic respiration together and then subtract that value from gross primary productivity, then you have a more refined estimate of ecosystem carbon storage than NEE. Differential heating due to the earth's tilt generates the global wind AND oceanic circulation patternsarrow_forward1arrow_forwardCan you please simply explain what is going on here.arrow_forward
- Does it show the level of proteins? What about the amount? Levels of protein activation? How can you tell? Does the thickness tell you anything? What about the number of the lines? And the other questionsarrow_forwardKD 200- 116- 66- Vec ATF6 (670) ATF6 (402) ATF6 (373) ATF6 (366) I I 45- 1 2 3 4 5 ATFG (360) (e/c) 9V ATFG (402) g ant- ATF anti-KDEL DAPI barrow_forwardWestern blot results: what information can you get? Presence of proteins of your interest Levels of protein expression Levels of protein activation (must use activation state-specific antibody) Decreased function of the ATM kinase in aging mice. A C57BL/6 female 6 month Con IR 20 month C57BL/6 male 6 month 28 month Con IR Con IR Con IR p-ATM (S1981) ATM P-p53 (ser18) Actinarrow_forward
- Understanding Nutrition (MindTap Course List)Health & NutritionISBN:9781337392693Author:Eleanor Noss Whitney, Sharon Rady RolfesPublisher:Cengage LearningCase Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:CengageAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168130Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark WomblePublisher:OpenStax College
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning


