Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781133949640
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 63SCQ
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: To calculate the total number of fish in the lake.
Concept introduction:
The isotope dilution method is given as:
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Element
Atomic Number: 1
Name:
Hydrogen
Symbol:
H
Atomic Number
1
O'H
O2H
25
50
75
Atomic Number
An atom can be thought of as being
formed from a number of combined 'H
atoms with additional neutrons in the
nucleus. The mass of an atom is less
than that of the combined masses of
the nuclear particles from which it is
formed. This "mass loss" is an
indication of the stablity of the atom's
nucleus. In order to compare different
atoms, the relative mass loss (in g/mol)
is defined as:
[(number protons x mass of 'H)+(number of neutrons x mass of n)] - atomic mass
number of protons + number of neutrons
The atom's binding energy (the energy
associated with holding the nucleus
together) can be calculated as:
relative mass loss (kg/mol) x (2.998 x 10°m/s)
The resulting units are joules/mole.
Because calculating the relative mass
loss involves dividing by the total
number of nucleons (protons +
neutrons), the binding energy is called
the 'binding energy per nucleon.'
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Relative…
An archeologist was investigating a dig site and found charcoal in a pre-historic fire pit. Charcoal consists mostly of the element carbon. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon: 12C, 13C, and 14C. Carbon-14 is radioactive and can be used to date the charcoal. The archeologist collected a sample for testing and learned that the carbon-14 activity was found to be 10 counts per minute. A sample of new charcoal of similar size showed a carbon-14 activity of 640 counts per minute.
How many carbon-14 half-lives have occurred?
Estimate the age of the charcoal. (The half-life of 14C is 5,730 years.)
The radioactive isotope strontium-81 is used in medical imaging as indicated on the table above. If 77.1 milligrams of strontium-81 is administered to a patient, how many milligrams are left in the body after 66.6 minutes?__ mg
Chapter 25 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 25.2 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 25.2 - Prob. 1RCCh. 25.2 - Prob. 2RCCh. 25.2 - Prob. 3RCCh. 25.3 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 25.3 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 25.3 - Prob. 1RCCh. 25.4 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 25.4 - Prob. 2CYU
Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 25.4 - Prob. 1RCCh. 25.4 - Prob. 2RCCh. 25.5 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 25.5 - Prob. 1RCCh. 25.6 - Prob. 1RCCh. 25.9 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 25.9 - Prob. 1QCh. 25.9 - Prob. 2QCh. 25.9 - Prob. 3QCh. 25.9 - Prob. 4QCh. 25.9 - Prob. 5QCh. 25.9 - Prob. 6QCh. 25.A - Prob. 1QCh. 25.A - Prob. 2QCh. 25.A - Prob. 3QCh. 25.A - Prob. 4QCh. 25 - Prob. 1PSCh. 25 - Prob. 4PSCh. 25 - Prob. 5PSCh. 25 - Prob. 6PSCh. 25 - Prob. 7PSCh. 25 - Prob. 8PSCh. 25 - Prob. 9PSCh. 25 - Prob. 11PSCh. 25 - Prob. 12PSCh. 25 - Prob. 13PSCh. 25 - Prob. 14PSCh. 25 - Prob. 15PSCh. 25 - Prob. 16PSCh. 25 - Prob. 17PSCh. 25 - Prob. 18PSCh. 25 - Prob. 19PSCh. 25 - Prob. 20PSCh. 25 - Prob. 21PSCh. 25 - Prob. 22PSCh. 25 - Prob. 23PSCh. 25 - Prob. 24PSCh. 25 - Prob. 25PSCh. 25 - Prob. 26PSCh. 25 - Prob. 27PSCh. 25 - Prob. 28PSCh. 25 - Prob. 29PSCh. 25 - Prob. 30PSCh. 25 - Prob. 31PSCh. 25 - Prob. 32PSCh. 25 - Prob. 33PSCh. 25 - Prob. 34PSCh. 25 - Prob. 35PSCh. 25 - Prob. 36PSCh. 25 - Prob. 37PSCh. 25 - Prob. 38PSCh. 25 - Prob. 39PSCh. 25 - Prob. 40PSCh. 25 - Prob. 41PSCh. 25 - Prob. 42PSCh. 25 - Prob. 43PSCh. 25 - Prob. 44PSCh. 25 - Prob. 45PSCh. 25 - Some of the reactions explored by Ernest...Ch. 25 - Prob. 47GQCh. 25 - Prob. 48GQCh. 25 - Prob. 49GQCh. 25 - Prob. 50GQCh. 25 - Prob. 51GQCh. 25 - Prob. 52GQCh. 25 - Prob. 53GQCh. 25 - Prob. 54GQCh. 25 - Prob. 55ILCh. 25 - Prob. 56ILCh. 25 - Prob. 57ILCh. 25 - Prob. 58ILCh. 25 - Prob. 59ILCh. 25 - Prob. 60ILCh. 25 - Prob. 61SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 62SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 63SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 64SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 66SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 67SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 68SCQCh. 25 - Prob. 69SCQ
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- 2.86 For some uses, the relative abundance of isotopes must be manipulated. For example, a medical technique called boron neutron capture therapy needs a higher fraction of 10B than occurs naturally to achieve its best efficiency. What would happen to the atomic weight of a sample of boron that had been enriched in 10B? Explain your answer in terms of the concept of a weighted average.arrow_forwardFILL IN THE BLANK This experiment concerns kinetics and isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ only in the number of (electrons, neutrons, protons?) We rarely talk about isotopes unless radioactivity is involved. A radioactive isotope can emit alpha rays which are (electrons, photons, helium 4 nuclei?) beta rays which are (electrons, photons, helium 4 nuclei?) or gamma rays which are (electrons, photons, helium 4 nuclei?) Despite our rare discussion of isotopes we actually cover them very early in our study of chemistry when we learn that the Periodic Table advertises the average atomic mass of an element as a weighted average of the various isotopes. Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35 massing at about 35 g/mol and chlorine-37 massing at about 37 g/mol. The average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 g/mol instead of being close to 36 g/mol because (Cl-37, Cl-35?) is more abundant than the other isotope. The fact that the Periodic Table reports weighted average molar…arrow_forwardNUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: Consider the nuclei 117, 1150Sn. Determine its mass defect in kilograms if its atomic mass is 116.936 amu. The mass of a proton and neutron are 1.0073 and 1.0087 amu, respectively. Express your answers in three decimal places in scientific notation, i.e., 6.022e23 to represent 6.022 x 1023. Do not include the unit.arrow_forward
- Why is it important, in carbon dating, to consider the ratio of carbon-14 atoms to other carbon atoms, rather than only the number of carbon-14 atoms? Save/Exit 2.arrow_forwardYou are exploring the universe in your spaceship, and you land on a planet that is very similar to Earth. You encounter humanoid life forms that are comprised of molecules containing many carbon atoms (just like humans on Earth). And just like here on Earth, there are three isotopes of carbon: 12C, 13C, and 14C. However, on this new planet that you have discovered, the average isotopic mass of carbon is 13.101 amu. What can you conclude about this planet that you have discovered? Mark any/all that apply. Of the three isotopes of carbon, 14C has the greatest percent abundance. Half a mole of methane (CH4) on this new planet has a greater mass than half a mole of methane (CH4) on Earth. Of the three isotopes of carbon, 12C has the greatest percent abundance. Half a mole of methane (CH4) on this new planet has a lower mass than half a mole of methane (CH4) on Earth. Of the three isotopes of carbon, 13C has the greatest percent abundance.arrow_forwardThere are more answers than what’s shown in the picture.arrow_forward
- q eq # P E D C P HP Cr !!Fe Ga Se Kr Sr 99Te AI 1Hg 201TI [Review Topics] Some Radioactive Isotopes Useful in Medical Imaging Isotope Carbon-11 Fluorine-18 Phosphorus-32 Chromium-51 Iron-59 Gallium-67 Selenium-75 Krypton-81m Strontium-81 Technetium-99m 4 Iodine-131 Mercury-197 Thallium-201 R F % 5 Mode of Decay B+, y B+, Y B T E.C., Y B.Y E.C., Y E.C., Y G Y B Y B, Y E.C., y E.C., Y (1) The radioactive isotope selenium-75 is used in medical imaging as indicated on the table above. How many protons and neutrons are there in a selenium-75 atom? protons neutrons (2) When the nuclide selenium-75 decays as indicated on the table: the number of protons in the product nuclide is: the number of neutrons in the product nuclide is: the name of the product nuclide is: Half-life 20.3 m 109 m 14.3 d ^ 27.7 d 44.5 d 78.3 h 118 d 6 13.3 s 22.2 m 6.01 h 8.04 d 64.1 h 3.05 d Cengage Learning | Cengage Technical Support Use in Medical Imaging Brain scan to trace glucose metabolism Brain scan to trace…arrow_forwardDe All chan 1. Why is the neutron to proton ratio so important? It determines the stability of the nucleus based on the shielding effect of the neutrons. The neutron to proton ratio describes a radioactive element's half-life. Scientists made up this concept because they wanted to create radiation. An atom's nucleus likes to have the same number of neutrons and protons, so knowing that ratio is important. 00:53:35 PREVIOUS 1 of 20 NEXT SAVEarrow_forwardFill in the information missing from this table. nuclide protons neutrons Z A 0 22 27 0 П 0 5 11 0 0 0 182 74 W X Ś ?arrow_forward
- Fill in the information missing from this table. Ꮓ A ☐ 32 72 nuclide protons neutrons ☐ 141 59 Pr 29 36 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐arrow_forwardPLEASE HELP!!!!! just need part B and part D!!! WILL UPVOTE!!arrow_forwardA tiny percent of all naturally-occurring carbon atoms on Earth are carbon-14. Trees (and all living things) incorporate C-14 into their bodies when alive, but this ceases at death, after which the amount of C-14 present gradually decreases due to nuclear decay. Wooden artifacts from long ago can be dated by the percent of carbon-14 remaining in them. A sample of a wooden object from an archaeological site contains only 12.5% of the level of carbon-14 expected for a live tree. How many half-lives have passed since that piece of wood was a living tree?arrow_forward
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