Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781133104261
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 5CQ
To determine
To explain the reason why glass prisms with no silvered surfaces gives higher light throughout, than the parallel tilted mirrors.
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Optical fibers utilize total internal reflection (TIR) to confine and guide light. They are typically used in materials processing as a means of delivering light from a laser source to a processing head. Other applications include telecommunications, spectroscopy, illumination and sensors. A particularly common form of optical fiber is a step-index fiber, shown in Figure 1. Step-index fibers have an inner core made from a material with a refractive index (ncore) that is higher than the surrounding cladding layer (nclad). Within the fiber, a critical angle of incidence (θcrit) exists such that light will reflect off the core/cladding interface by TIR, as opposed to refracting into the fiber cladding. To fulfil the conditions for TIR to occur, the angle of incidence of light launched into the fiber must be less than a certain angle, which is defined as the acceptance angle (θacc). The critical angle for TIR in a given fiber can be calculated on the basis of the refractive indices of…
Chapter 25 Solutions
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 25.1QQCh. 25.4 - If beam is the incoming beam in Active Figure...Ch. 25.4 - Light passes from a material with index of...Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 25.4QQCh. 25.5 - Prob. 25.5QQCh. 25.7 - Prob. 25.6QQCh. 25.7 - Prob. 25.7QQCh. 25 - Prob. 1OQCh. 25 - Prob. 2OQCh. 25 - What happens to a light wave when it travels from...
Ch. 25 - Prob. 4OQCh. 25 - The index of refraction for water is about 43....Ch. 25 - Prob. 6OQCh. 25 - Light traveling in a medium of index of refraction...Ch. 25 - Prob. 8OQCh. 25 - The core of an optical fiber transmits light with...Ch. 25 - Prob. 10OQCh. 25 - A light ray travels from vacuum into a slab of...Ch. 25 - Prob. 12OQCh. 25 - Prob. 13OQCh. 25 - Prob. 14OQCh. 25 - Prob. 1CQCh. 25 - Prob. 2CQCh. 25 - Prob. 3CQCh. 25 - Prob. 4CQCh. 25 - Prob. 5CQCh. 25 - Prob. 6CQCh. 25 - Prob. 7CQCh. 25 - Prob. 8CQCh. 25 - Prob. 9CQCh. 25 - Prob. 10CQCh. 25 - Prob. 11CQCh. 25 - Prob. 12CQCh. 25 - Prob. 1PCh. 25 - Prob. 2PCh. 25 - Prob. 3PCh. 25 - Prob. 4PCh. 25 - Prob. 5PCh. 25 - Prob. 6PCh. 25 - Prob. 7PCh. 25 - An underwater scuba diver sees the Sun at an...Ch. 25 - Prob. 9PCh. 25 - Prob. 10PCh. 25 - A ray of light is incident on a flat surface of a...Ch. 25 - A laser beam is incident at an angle of 30.0 from...Ch. 25 - Prob. 13PCh. 25 - A light ray initially in water enters a...Ch. 25 - Find the speed of light in (a) flint glass, (b)...Ch. 25 - Prob. 16PCh. 25 - Prob. 17PCh. 25 - Prob. 18PCh. 25 - Unpolarized light in vacuum is incident onto a...Ch. 25 - Prob. 20PCh. 25 - Prob. 21PCh. 25 - Prob. 22PCh. 25 - Prob. 23PCh. 25 - Prob. 24PCh. 25 - 14. A ray of light strikes the midpoint of one...Ch. 25 - Prob. 26PCh. 25 - Prob. 27PCh. 25 - Prob. 28PCh. 25 - Prob. 29PCh. 25 - Prob. 30PCh. 25 - Prob. 31PCh. 25 - Around 1965, engineers at the Toro Company...Ch. 25 - Prob. 33PCh. 25 - Prob. 34PCh. 25 - Prob. 35PCh. 25 - Prob. 36PCh. 25 - Prob. 37PCh. 25 - Prob. 38PCh. 25 - Prob. 39PCh. 25 - Prob. 40PCh. 25 - Prob. 41PCh. 25 - Prob. 42PCh. 25 - A 4.00-m-long pole stands vertically in a...Ch. 25 - Prob. 44PCh. 25 - Prob. 45PCh. 25 - Prob. 46PCh. 25 - Prob. 47PCh. 25 - Prob. 48PCh. 25 - When light is incident normally on the interface...Ch. 25 - Prob. 50PCh. 25 - Prob. 51PCh. 25 - Prob. 52PCh. 25 - The light beam in Figure P25.53 strikes surface 2...Ch. 25 - Prob. 54PCh. 25 - Prob. 55PCh. 25 - Prob. 56PCh. 25 - Prob. 57PCh. 25 - Prob. 58PCh. 25 - Prob. 59PCh. 25 - Prob. 60PCh. 25 - Prob. 61PCh. 25 - Prob. 62P
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- Curved glassair interfaces like those observed in an empty shot glass make it possible for total internal reflection to occur at the shot glasss internal surface. Consider a glass cylinder (n = 1.54) with an outer radius of 2.50 cm and an inner radius of 2.00 cm as shown in Figure P38.105. Find the minimum angle i such that there is total internal reflection at the inner surface of the shot glass. FIGURE P38.105 Problems 105 and 106.arrow_forwardHow many times will the incident beam in Figure P34.33 (page 922) be reflected by each of the parallel mirrors? Figure P34.33arrow_forwardFigure P26.72 shows a thin converging lens for which the radii of curvature of its surfaces have magnitudes of 9.00 cm and 11.0 cm. The lens is in front of a concave spherical mirror with the radius of curvature R = 8.00 cm. Assume the focal points F1 and F2 of the lens are 5.00 cm from the center of the lens. (a) Determine the index of refraction of the lens material. The lens and mirror are 20.0 cm apart, and an object is placed 8.00 cm to the left of the lens. Determine (b) the position of the final image and (c) its magnification as seen by the eye in the figure. (d) Is the final image inverted or upright? Explain.arrow_forward
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- A laser beam travels from air (n=1) into glass (n=1.5) and then into gelatin. The incident ray makes a 58.0o angle with the normal in the air before it enters the glass and a 36.4o angle with the normal after it enters the gelatin. In a neat and organized fashion, write out a solution which includes the following: A sketch of the physical situation with all given physical quantities clearly labeled. Draw a ray diagram showing all reflected and refracted rays in this situation and all angles clearly labeled. Determine (a) the angle the refracted ray makes with the normal in the glass and (b) the index of refraction of the gelatin. Clearly show all steps, starting from generalized equations. Explain your mathematical work in words. Your explanation should cover both what you did and the thought process behind why you did that. Evaluate your answer to determine whether it is reasonable or not. Consider all aspects of your answer (the numerical value, sign, and units) in your evaluation.…arrow_forwardElectric room heaters use a concave mirror to reflect infrared (IR) radiation from hot coils. Note that IR radiation follows the same law of reflection as visible light. The mirror has a radius of curvature of 40 cm and produces an image of the coils 340 cm away from the mirror. How far away are the coils from the mirror? cm away. What is the absolute value of the magnification of the heater element? Magnification = . Note that its large magnitude helps spread out the reflected energy. Can you see why that is useful for this device?arrow_forwardOptical fibers are a central part of technology for rapid information transmission with a high level of efficiency. A new type of optical fiber is crafted with an index of refraction n = less than that of water in the vicinity of room temperature, where NH2O fact that n < nH20 potentially problematic if the fiber should be submerged? 1.25 = 1.33. Why is the O A. Total internal reflection would be frustrated, allowing loss of signal. O B. Internal reflection would actually be enhanced, so there is no problem. C. Electric eels might have free internet access.arrow_forward
- Measuring n Using a Prism Although we do not prove it here, the minimum angle of deviation &min for a prism occurs when the angle of incidence 0, is such that the refracted ray inside the prism makes the same angle with the normal to the two prism faces as shown in the figure. Obtain an expression for the index of refraction of the prism material in terms of the minimum angle of deviation and the apex angle 0. Ф 2k8min A light ray passing through a prism at the minimum angle of deviation 6min: SOLUTION Conceptualize Study the figure carefully and be sure you understand why the light ray comes out of the prism traveling in a different direction. Categorize In this example, light enters a material through one surface and leaves the material at another surface. Let's apply the wave under refraction v model to the light passing through the prism. Analyze Ф Consider the geometry in the figure, where we have used symmetry to label several angles. The reproduction of the angle at 2 the…arrow_forwardLight that is initially travelling in a layer of diamond is incident on a layer of sapphire as shown in Figure 5. The sapphire layer has thickness T = 3 cm. The angle inside the sapphire is 6, = 50°. When the light reaches a third layer, it experiences total internal reflection. The material of the third layer is unknown. Figure 5 also shows a table with indices of refraction for various materials. Index of Diamond Material Refraction Ice 1.31 Fluorite 1.43 Sapphire Sapphire 1.77 ? Diamond 2.42 Titanium 2.90 Dioxide Figure 5 14. What is the incident angle 8, inside the diamond? a) 8, x 24° b) e, x 34° c) 8, x 44° d) e, x 54° e) 8, x 64° 15. What is the horizontal distance x travelled inside the sapphire? a) x x 6.4 cm b) x x 7.2 cm c) x x 8.6 cm d) x x 9.3 cm e) x x 12.1 cm 16. Which of the following could be the material of the third layer? a) Ice only b) Fluorite only c) Either ice or fluorite d) Titanium dioxide only e) None of the abovearrow_forwardThe angle of a prism is A°. One of its refracting surfaces is silvered. Light rays falling at an angle of incidence 24 on the first surface returns back through the same path after suffering reflection at the silvered surface. The refractive index u , of the prism is : a. 2 cos A 1 b. cos A c. tan A d. 2 sin Aarrow_forward
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