Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 6TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Systematics study helps in providing the classification, scientific name, keys for identification, data of evolutionary history, and distribution for an organism. Molecular characters are kind of taxonomic characters that help in the studies of systematic analysis like sequence of proteins, combination of two different DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) hybridizations, and other molecular differences.
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Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on
Group of answer choices
a. shared ancestral characters
b. vestigial characters
c. homoplastic characters
d. cartoon characters
e. shared derived characters
f. shady characters
Clarify the following concepts: Note that this is not just a listing of definitions.
a. Identification
b. Nomenclature
c. Classification
d. Taxonomy
e. Systematics
1)
The phylogenetiç tree of anole lizard species, below, was produced from both molecular and
morphological data. Answer the questions that follow.
A distichus
A straulus
A evemanni
A pulchellus
A krug
A gundlachi
A cristatollua (PR
A cristatellus (FL)
A sagrel
A lineatopus
A valencienni
A grahami
a. Which kind of DNA would have been most useful for generating a phylogeny of these taxa?
mtDNA -or- RNA gene?
b. Which kind of homologous genes would have been most useful for determining the
evolutionary relationships among these different species?
paralogous genes -or- orthologous genes
c. Briefly explain the reason for your answer to "c".
d. In which three taxa are the relationships still unclear?
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- Shown above are three possible phylogenetic trees for species I, II and III reconstructed based on the 4-nucleotide DNA sequences given in the righthand table. In every tree, each hatchmark on a branch represents a single base-change event. The most parsimonious tree would be - A. Both X and Y. B. X. C. Y. D. Both Y and Z. E. Z.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is/are TRUE in phylogenetic analysis? 0000000 A. In a phylogram, the longer the branch length, the lesser genetic change. B. A bootstrap value of 90-100 indicates a weakly supported clade. C. Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Parsimony does not consider convergence as an influencing factor in creating an evolutionary tree. D. Phylogenetic analysis treats each base of a sequence as a molecular character for analysis. Both C and D are True statements. Both B and Care True statements. None. All of the statements are False.arrow_forwarda. draw a diagonal tree b. Which organism is an outgroup? c. Which organisms are sister taxa or share a common ancestor?arrow_forward
- Specify some molecular biology techniques that are being used in taxonomy and phylogeny. Also, explain how do molecular markers work, its applications and limitations?arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?arrow_forwardStudy the sequences below. Construct a molecular cladogram from the different amino acid sequences given. Assume that the sequences are already compared between species and have been aligned as shown. Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ACT G G C G AT C G 1 2 3 4 5 A C A G ACT G C G C G C T T C G T T C G T C G C A T C G T A C G A C G A C T G C C G T T C G C A T C G T A C G A C T G GAA C G GATC GA C G A T C G C A T C G т A C Garrow_forward
- Species A was recently discovered and its DNA sequence was compared to the DNA of the four previously known species from the same genus. The comparison revealed this particular species is the most recent one, the one that diverged last. Show the mismatched nucleotides between these DNA sequences (mark them and count them) and then draw a phylogenetic tree that shows their relationship. You can draw the tree by hand.Species A 5’ A A G G C C A A A C T T T G G G T A T A G C A T A 3’Species B 5’ A A G G C C A A A C C G T G G G T A T A G C G A A 3’ ____________Species C 5’ A A G G C C A A A C T T T G G G T A T A G C G A A 3’ ____________Species D 5’ A A C T C C A A A C C G T G G G T A T A G C G A A 3’ ____________Species E5’ A A G G C C A A A C T T T G G G T A T A G C G T A 3’ __________arrow_forwardPlease Answer question within the image asaparrow_forwardIn the example below, the letters represent amino acids that make up a polypeptide found in all the vertebrates listed. Use the steps outlined above to construct a cladogram from the different amino acid sequences given. Assume that the sequences are already aligned and begin with comparing the number of differences between species.arrow_forward
- What consequences does horizontal gene transfer pose for evolutionary biologists? a. It can pose difficulty in the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees, because it can obscure phylogenetic relationships. b. It can pose physiological problems in some organisms, making it very hard to study them. c. It can pose difficulty in breeding between different individuals of the same species. d. Because it is transfer of genes between the same species, it can make individuals look very more similar than they actually are. e. All of the above.arrow_forwardThe approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept? 2) A) Morphological species concept B) Biological species conceptC) Subspecies concept D) Phylogenetic species concept Then explain why the answer is correct and the rest are inccorect.arrow_forward1. Which describes the modern classification system?a. based on evolutionary relationshipsb. called Linnean classificationc. based on similar appearancesd. called Darwinian classification2. If two organisms are in the same clade, what can you predict about theirrelationship?a. They are not closely related.b. They share a common ancestor.c. They compete for resources.d. One organism evolved into the other organism. 3.Which best describes traditional classification?a. It is based on shared characteristics.b. It is based on evolutionary relationships.c. It is called phylogenetic classification.d. It is called cladisticsarrow_forward
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