Chapter 23, Problem 14P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The balanced chemical equation for each of the given reaction is to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Phenols contain hydroxyl $\left(\text{OH}\right)$ functional group attached to an aromatic ring. In the ring, the electron withdrawing groups (EWG) decreases the electron density and thus; stabilizes the phenoxide ion. On the other hand, the electron donating groups (EDG) increases the electron density and thus; destabilizes the phenoxide ion.

Phenols undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction due to the presence of the hydroxyl group that activates itself towards electrophilic substitution. The hydroxyl group causes the resonance effect due to which the ortho and para positions of phenol ring become electron rich.