(a) Interpretation: The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined. Concept introduction: Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

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The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactatein skeletal muscle cells using NAD/NADH during anaerobic “balanced” fermentation.Answer the following questions about this reaction. (a) Write out the two reductive half reactions and indicate the E ̊' for each half reaction. Write out the full balanced reaction for the pyruvate to lactate rxn and indicate the ∆E ̊' for the reaction. (b) What is the free energy change under standard state conditions for thisreaction? Which direction is spontaneous?(c) Assume that in skeletal muscle cells the ratio of [NAD+] to [NADH] is 100, and that the[pyruvate] = 0.40 mM and [lactate] = 4.0 mM. What is the free energy change (∆G')for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate? Indicate the direction in which the reactionis spontaneous under these cellular conditions.

Why did the authors worry about the temperature-dependent solubility of the carriers in thebilayer? How did the authors determine whether the effect of freezing the lipid bilayer wasto decrease the solubility of the carriers (nonactin and valinomycin) or whether the effectwas to impair their ability to diffuse through the membrane (decrease their mobility)?

Kranse et. al. measured the temperature dependence of conductance using membranescontaining the phospholipids glyceryl dipalmitate and glyceryl distearate. Describe themodifications in membrane content that you would employ to: (a) shift the temperature of the phase transition (b) make the ion conductance curve for valinomycin andnonactin more like that of gramicidin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 55P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The deficiency of pyruvate hydrogenase is characterized as neurological dysfunction. The reason for this statement should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reason for lactic acidosis should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The reason for low-carbohydrate diet should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition, which is caused due to the buildup of lactate in the body. Excess of lactate in the blood also leads to low pH levels in the body. The signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis are discomfort, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 22 - Prob. 1P Ch. 22 - Prob. 2P Ch. 22 - Prob. 3P Ch. 22 - Prob. 4P Ch. 22 - Prob. 5P Ch. 22 - Prob. 6P Ch. 22 - Prob. 7P Ch. 22 - Prob. 8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 9P Ch. 22 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that lactic acidosis is a medical condition caused by the buildup of lactate in the body. Lack of pyruvate dehydrogenase would result in improper oxidation of

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