The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating. Introduction: Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

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19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

The effectiveness of autoclaving, boiling, microwaving and dry heating.

Introduction:

Sterilization is the killing or removal of all the living microorganisms, including the bacterial spores that are highly resistant. It is usually carried out by autoclaving or moist heating, boiling, microwaving and dry heating as the effective methods and consists of maximum exposure to steam as well.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Autoclaving is a moist heat sterilization method that uses high-pressure steam. This process works by the concept that the boiling point of water or steam increases when it is under pressure. The steam inside the autoclave attacks the microorganisms and kills them. Boiling is a simple method of heating water to a high temperature of 100°C, kills most of the pathogenic microorganisms.

Microwaving is a thermal process and most of the processed foods are heat treated to kill the microorganisms. It does not kill the microorganisms completely. Dry heating kills or removes all the microorganisms, including bacterial spores. It requires a longer time for exposure as well as higher temperatures as well. Its higher temperature kills the microorganisms using a destructive oxidation method. Moist heating or autoclaving is the most effective way of killing all the microorganisms, because of its ability to penetrate microbial cells. It is followed by dry heating and then, boiling is effective as it produces heat more thoroughly and flashover can be avoided as compared to microwaving.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, the effectiveness of moist heating or autoclaving is the highest, followed by dry heating that requires longer time and the temperature, then boiling with temperature of 100°C and lastly, microwaving which is a thermal process.

Answer 12

Ch. 22 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 22 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 22 - Give an example of a nonlaboratory use of each of...Ch. 22 - Define the termÂ pasteurization.Â What is the...Ch. 22 - Explain why fungi andÂ BacillusÂ sometimes grow...Ch. 22 - Assume that a DRT value for autoclaving a culture...Ch. 22 - Indicators are used in autoclaving to ensure that...Ch. 22 - A biological indicator used in autoclaving is a...Ch. 22 - The source ofÂ LegionellaÂ causing...

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Chapter 22 Solutions