Chapter 2.1A, Problem 2.1P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The amount of charge separation in the given $\text{C}=\text{O}$ double bond.

Interpretation: The amount of charge separation in the given $\text{C}=\text{O}$ double bond is to be calculated.

Concept introduction: The polarity of an individual bond is measured as its bond dipole moment. A quantity that describes two opposite charges separated by a distance is the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated by the formula,

$\mu =\delta \times d$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The relative importance of the given two resonance contributors.

Interpretation: The relative importance of the given two resonance contributors is to be evaluated.

Concept introduction: The delocalization of electrons due to the presence of lone pair of electrons and double bond is called resonance. The resonance structure is more stable if there are more resonating structures. In resonance forms of any compound, the connectivity of atoms is same but the distribution of electrons is different. Resonance helps to explain the structure and reactivity of organic molecules.