Campbell Biology in Focus, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText - ValuePack Access Card - for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134433769
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21, Problem 9TYU
Summary Introduction
To explain:
How cellular and molecular events are responsible for emergent properties at individual and population level.
Introduction:
The events taking place at molecular or cellular level can lead to emergent properties at individual level or population level. The heterozygote alleles are favored rather than homozygotes at cellular level. In humans, this advantage can be seen at a locus coding for ß polypeptide (subunit of hemoglobin).
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Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions.
11% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss),
What is the frequency of the dominant allele? Please show your work in order to receive credit.
Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of this genetic defect causes deformation of red blood cells. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. Assuming HWE, if 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria…
Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions.
11% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss),
What is the frequency of the recessive allele? Please show your work in order
Chapter 21 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText - ValuePack Access Card - for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 21.1 - Explain why genetic variation within a population...Ch. 21.1 - Of all the mutations that occur in a population,...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21.2 - A population has 700 individuals, 85 of genotype...Ch. 21.2 - The frequency of allele a is 0.45 for a population...Ch. 21.2 - WHAT IF? A locus that affects susceptibility to a...Ch. 21.3 - In what sense is natural selection more...Ch. 21.3 - Distinguish genetic drift from gene flow in terms...Ch. 21.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose two plant populations exchange...Ch. 21.4 - What is the relative fitness of a sterile mule?...
Ch. 21.4 - Explain why natural selection is the only...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21 - Natural selection changes allele frequencies...Ch. 21 - No two people are genetically identical, except...Ch. 21 - Sparrows With average-sized w1ngs survive severe...Ch. 21 - If the nucleotide variability of a locus equals...Ch. 21 - There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with...Ch. 21 - A fruit fly population has a gene with two...Ch. 21 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Using at least TWO examples,...Ch. 21 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 21 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This kettle lake formed...
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- In a region of Africa, where malaria is prevalent, 40% of the population are found to have sickle-cell anemia. The disease is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that is found in both homozygotes (S2S2) and heterozygotes (S1S2). Many homozygotes (S2S2) suffer from anemia and often die. Heterozygotes (S1S2) incur a much less debilitating malady called "sickling trait". Approximately 3% of the people with abnormal hemoglobin are homozygotes (1.2\% of the entire population). The fitness of the S2S2 homozygotes is only 1/4 that of the heterozygotes. Where malaria is prevalent, heterozygotes exhibit overdominance with respect to fitness. How would you calculate relative fitness of the S1S1 homozygotes if you're assuming the population is at an equilibrium frequency for S2?arrow_forwardSickle-cell disease (often called sickle-cell anemia) is a disease that is caused by a mutation to the gene that is responsible for producing the protein hemoglobin. Remember that hemoglobin is a protein in the red blood cells which is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When a person possesses the mutated hemoglobin allele, their red blood cells take on an altered shape and this results in a variety of symptoms ranging from general weakening of the body, damage to the organs and even death. The sickle cell allele is recessive to the healthy allele, thus only individuals that are homozygous for the recessive allele will have sickle-cell disease. Individuals that are homozygous for the healthy allele, along with heterozygous, individuals will be physically healthy. Question: Given that this mutated allele will cause disease and death in individuals, what would you predict to occur to the frequency of this allele in the population? Explain.arrow_forwardExplain the differences between an individual homozygous for the sickle hemoglobin allele (HbS/HbS) and one who is heterozygous (HbA/HbS). Consider the hemoglobin molecule, cells, and disease.arrow_forward
- Compare the segment of DNA for normal hemoglobin with the segment for sickle-cell hemoglobin below. Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation. Normal Sickle-cell hemoglobin DNA hemoglobin DNA ... GIAIICIA ... ... Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin Normal red blood cells A sickled red blood cell substitution inversion deletion translocationarrow_forwardThere is a benign congenital condition called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) in which production of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is not switched off post-partum (after birth). It is due to a mutation in the β-globin gene cluster. People that are homozygotes for this mutation, meaning that the gene from both parents is mutated, continue to make almost exclusively HbF throughout their life rather than adult hemoglobin (HbA). HPFH homozygotes demonstrate a slight erythrocytosis, or an increase in the number or mass of their red blood cells, and consequently an increase in the concentration of HbF. Given only what you know about the oxygen saturation dynamics of HbF versus HbA, can you explain why there might be the slight erythrocytosis in HPFH homozygotes? It has been observed that the prevalence of HPFH is much higher in populations with certain hemoglobinopathic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these…arrow_forwardSickle anemia is a favorable mutation. There is only one amino acid different in sickle haemoglobin (S) as compared with normal haemogloblin (A). Persons with sickle cell trait (AS) are able to survive in malarious areas. A couple each having sickle cell trait have five children. What is the probability that they will have a child with sickle disease?arrow_forward
- Heterozygotes at the sickle-cell locus produce both normal and abnormal sickle-cell hemoglobin. When hemoglobin molecules are packed into a heterozygote’s red blood cells, some cells receive relatively large quantities of abnormal hemoglobin, making these cells prone to sickling. Explain how these molecular and cellular events lead to emergent properties at the individual and population levels of biological organization.arrow_forward1. In fetal hemoglobin, residue 143 of the beta subunit is a serine rather than the histidine found in adult hemoglobin (see figure on page 9). a) What does this do to the charges in the BPG binding cavity? b) Would you expect this to change the oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin, and, if so, in what direction?arrow_forward5) Why is blood type inheritance an example of both codominance and completedominance?arrow_forward
- Explain the biochemistry behind human blood ABO-type groups. Why is it important to know the blood type first before blood transfusion? What happens when blood types are incompatible?arrow_forward30. The following figure shows an electrophoretic analysis of the hemoglobin proteins present in normal adults, newborns, and fetuses. Each band represents a complete hemoglobin protein with all of its subunits. The intensity of the band indicates the relative amount of that protein in the sample. Y Adult Newborn Fetus a. What is the subunit structure of the hemoglobin molecules marked X, Y, and Z? b. Name one abnormal condition that should increase the percentage of HbZ hemoglobin in a newborn. c. Name one abnormal condition that should increase the percentage of HbY hemoglobin in an adult.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait? Select all that apply. people with sickle cell trait do not exhibit serious side effects; people with sickle cell disease exhibit all symptoms of sickle cell anemia people with sickle cell disease do not exhibit serious side effects; people with sickle cell trait exhibit all symptoms of sickle cell anemia people with sickle cell trait carry one gene for sickle cell anemia; people with sickle cell disease carry two genes for sickle cell anemia Opeople with sickle cell trait carry two genes for sickle cell anemia; people with sickle cell disease carry one gene for sickle cell anemia people with sickle cell disease may pass sickle cell anemia to their offspring; people with sickle cell trait cannot pass sickle cell anemia to their offspring people with sickle cell trait may pass sickle cell anemia to their offspring; people with sickle cell disease cannot pass sickle cell anemia to their offspringarrow_forward
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