Chapter 21, Problem 78GQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To draw the lewis dot structure and molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$

Concept introduction:

A lewis dot structure is a diagram that show bonding between the atoms. A lewis dot structure is used to predict the geometry of the molecule.

A lewis dot structure is a two dimensional representation whereas a molecular structure is a three dimensional structure and many of the properties both chemical and physical are dictated by molecular structure.

Molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering only bond pair of electrons

Electron geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering both bond electron pairs and lone pair of electrons.

According to VSEPR theory, the geometry is predicted by the minimizing the repulsions between electron-pairs in the bonds and lone-pairs of electrons. The VSEPR theory is summarized in the given table as,

$\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Electron-pair}& \text{lone-pair}& \text{Electron-pair}\text{geometry}& \text{Molecular}\text{shape}\\ 2& 0& \text{Linear}& \text{Linear}\\ 3& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}\\ 2& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Bent}\\ 4& 0& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Tetrahedral}\\ 3& 1& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Pyramidal}\\ 2& 2& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{V}-\text{shape}\\ 5& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}\\ 4& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{See}-\text{saw}\\ 3& 2& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{T}-\text{shape}\\ 2& 3& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Linear}\\ 6& 0& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Octahedral}\\ 5& 1& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{pyramidal}\\ 4& 2& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{planar}\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 78GQ

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

Explanation of Solution

The iodine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of iodine is ${\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{5}}$. The total valence shell electron in ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion is seventeen.

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion is linear and electron-pair geometry is trigonal bipyramidal.

The molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{3}}{}^{-}$ ion can be drawn as,

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To draw the lewis dot structure and molecular structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$

Concept introduction:

A lewis dot structure is a diagram that show bonding between the atoms. A lewis dot structure is used to predict the geometry of the molecule.

A lewis dot structure is a two dimensional representation whereas a molecular structure is a three dimensional structure and many of the properties both chemical and physical are dictated by molecular structure.

Molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering only bond pair of electrons

Electron geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering both bond electron pairs and lone pair of electrons.

According to VSEPR theory, the geometry is predicted by the minimizing the repulsions between electron-pairs in the bonds and lone-pairs of electrons. The VSEPR theory is summarized in the given table as,

$\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Electron-pair}& \text{lone-pair}& \text{Electron-pair}\text{geometry}& \text{Molecular}\text{shape}\\ 2& 0& \text{Linear}& \text{Linear}\\ 3& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}\\ 2& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Bent}\\ 4& 0& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Tetrahedral}\\ 3& 1& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Pyramidal}\\ 2& 2& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{V}-\text{shape}\\ 5& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}\\ 4& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{See}-\text{saw}\\ 3& 2& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{T}-\text{shape}\\ 2& 3& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Linear}\\ 6& 0& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Octahedral}\\ 5& 1& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{pyramidal}\\ 4& 2& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{planar}\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 78GQ

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

Explanation of Solution

The bromine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of bromine is ${\text{4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{4p}}^{\text{5}}$. The chlorine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of iodine is ${\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{5}}$. The bromine atom is the central atom in ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion.

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion is linear and electron-pair geometry is trigonal bipyramidal.

The molecular structure of ${\text{BrCl}}_{\text{2}}{}^{-}$ ion can be drawn as,

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To draw the lewis dot structure and molecular structure of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$

Concept introduction:

A lewis dot structure is a diagram that show bonding between the atoms. A lewis dot structure is used to predict the geometry of the molecule.

A lewis dot structure is a two dimensional representation whereas a molecular structure is a three dimensional structure and many of the properties both chemical and physical are dictated by molecular structure.

Molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering only bond pair of electrons

Electron geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering both bond electron pairs and lone pair of electrons.

According to VSEPR theory, the geometry is predicted by the minimizing the repulsions between electron-pairs in the bonds and lone-pairs of electrons. The VSEPR theory is summarized in the given table as,

$\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Electron-pair}& \text{lone-pair}& \text{Electron-pair}\text{geometry}& \text{Molecular}\text{shape}\\ 2& 0& \text{Linear}& \text{Linear}\\ 3& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}\\ 2& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Bent}\\ 4& 0& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Tetrahedral}\\ 3& 1& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Pyramidal}\\ 2& 2& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{V}-\text{shape}\\ 5& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}\\ 4& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{See}-\text{saw}\\ 3& 2& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{T}-\text{shape}\\ 2& 3& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Linear}\\ 6& 0& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Octahedral}\\ 5& 1& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{pyramidal}\\ 4& 2& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{planar}\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 78GQ

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion is,

Explanation of Solution

The flourine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of bromine is ${\text{2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{2p}}^{\text{5}}$. The chlorine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of iodine is ${\text{3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{3p}}^{\text{5}}$. The chlorine atom is the central atom in ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion.

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion is bent and electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral.

The molecular geometry of ${\text{ClF}}_{\text{2}}{}^{+}$ ion can be drawn as follows,

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To draw the lewis dot structure and molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$

Concept introduction:

A lewis dot structure is a diagram that show bonding between the atoms. A lewis dot structure is used to predict the geometry of the molecule.

A lewis dot structure is a two dimensional representation whereas a molecular structure is a three dimensional structure and many of the properties both chemical and physical are dictated by molecular structure.

Molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering only bond pair of electrons

Electron geometry is the shape of a molecule predicted by considering both bond electron pairs and lone pair of electrons.

According to VSEPR theory, the geometry is predicted by the minimizing the repulsions between electron-pairs in the bonds and lone-pairs of electrons. The VSEPR theory is summarized in the given table as,

$\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Electron-pair}& \text{lone-pair}& \text{Electron-pair}\text{geometry}& \text{Molecular}\text{shape}\\ 2& 0& \text{Linear}& \text{Linear}\\ 3& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}\\ 2& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{planar}& \text{Bent}\\ 4& 0& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Tetrahedral}\\ 3& 1& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{Pyramidal}\\ 2& 2& \text{Tetrahedral}& \text{V}-\text{shape}\\ 5& 0& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}\\ 4& 1& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{See}-\text{saw}\\ 3& 2& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{T}-\text{shape}\\ 2& 3& \text{Trigonal}\text{bipyramidal}& \text{Linear}\\ 6& 0& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Octahedral}\\ 5& 1& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{pyramidal}\\ 4& 2& \text{Octahedral}& \text{Square}\text{planar}\end{array}$

Answer to Problem 78GQ

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

Explanation of Solution

The iodine atom belongs to group $17$ in the periodic table. The outer electronic configuration of iodine is ${\text{5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{5p}}^{\text{5}}$. The total valence shell electron in ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$ ion is $36$.

The lewis dot structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$ ion is,

The molecular structure of ${\text{I}}_{\text{5}}{}^{-}$ ion is big V shape and it is drawn below,