The definition of hard water and the causes and problems associated with it are to be stated. Concept introduction: Hard water is a water that has a high content of minerals. Cations found in hard water are divalent such as calcium and magnesium. These ions enter in water if water passes through deposits of limestone. Limestone is composed primarily of CaCO 3 and magnesium salts. Calcium and magnesium ions can be removed by boiling or by water softening agents. There are no major risks related to hard water. The hardness of water can be determined by the concentration of ions present in it.

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Chapter 21, Problem 28PS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The definition of hard water and the causes and problems associated with it are to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Hard water is a water that has a high content of minerals. Cations found in hard water are divalent such as calcium and magnesium. These ions enter in water if water passes through deposits of limestone. Limestone is composed primarily of CaCO3 and magnesium salts.

Calcium and magnesium ions can be removed by boiling or by water softening agents. There are no major risks related to hard water. The hardness of water can be determined by the concentration of ions present in it.

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