Campbell Biology Custom Stony Brook 10 Th Edition
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781269870818
Author: Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 21, Problem 21.6CR
What type of Information can be obtained by comparing the genomes of closely related species? Of very distantly related species?
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The genome relatedness of different organisms can be shown with a phylogenetic tree constructed based on DNA sequence.
(1) Why DNA sequences could be used to deduce genome relationship?
(2) What else may be used to suggest the relatedness of different genomes?
You want to make a phylogenetic tree of a group of three related species of lizards that live on an island. Their genome sequences are highly similar except for a gene that controls body size. In that region of the genome, one of the lizard species has one copy of the growth control gene (L1), the second species has a duplication of the growth control gene (L2) and the third species has three copies of the same gene (L3). The lizard species show an increase in size depending on how many copies of the growth control gene they have (L1 is smallest, L2 is medium-sized and L3 is largest). Is this enough information to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the species, and predict which of the species arrived on the island first (and is the ancestral species)?
Yes, because the ancestral lizard genome probably had a single copy of the growth control gene and after arriving on the island it was duplicated, resulting in species L2, and then another duplication occurred resulting in…
Explain how the different “-omics” involved with the three major parts of the central dogma can be used to study this new species. What are molecular techniques/tools (sequencers) that can be used to study each of these? How would you sequence the genome efficiently (i.e., lowest amount of time and money)?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Campbell Biology Custom Stony Brook 10 Th Edition
Ch. 21.1 - Describe the whole-genome shotgun approach.Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Explain the advantage of the systems biology...Ch. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS The ENCODE pilot project found...Ch. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In Concept 20.2, you learned...Ch. 21.3 - The best estimate is that the human genome...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.3 - WHAT IF? What evolutionary processes might...Ch. 21.4 - Discuss the characteristics of mammalian genomes...Ch. 21.4 - VISUAL SKILLS Which of the three mechanisms...
Ch. 21.4 - Contrast the organizations of the rRNA gene family...Ch. 21.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Assign each DNA segment at the...Ch. 21.5 - Describe three examples of errors in cellular...Ch. 21.5 - Explain how multiple exons might have arisen in...Ch. 21.5 - What are three ways that transposable elements are...Ch. 21.5 - WHAT IF? In 2005, Icelandic scientists reported...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21 - How did the Human Genome Project result in more...Ch. 21 - What has been the most significant finding of the...Ch. 21 - Compare genome size, gene number, and gene density...Ch. 21 - Explain how the function of transposable elements...Ch. 21 - How could chromosomal rearrangements lead to the...Ch. 21 - What type of Information can be obtained by...Ch. 21 - Bioinformatics intludes all of the following...Ch. 21 - Homeotic genes (A) encode transcription factors...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 21 - DRAW IT Below are the amino acid sequences(using...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Genes important in the...Ch. 21 - scientific inquiry The scientists mapping the SNPs...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 21 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Insects have three...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is the difference between the core genome and pan-genome? What might you infer if you compare two genera, one in which the size of the core genome and pan-genome are very similar, and one in which the core genome is much smaller than the pan-genome?arrow_forwardThe following two sequences represent the same gene from two different species: Assume that all changes in the third position are synonymous and all in the first and second positions are nonsynonymous. a) How many synonymous sites (positions) are there in the gene? b) How many nonsynonymous sites (positions) are there in the gene? c) How many synonymous substitutions are there between species? d) How many nonsynonymous substitutions are there between species? e) What is the dN/dS ratio? f) What does the dN/dS ratio tell you about the evolution of this sequence? Finally, It has been hypothesized that population size affects genome size. What is the proposed relationship? How can it be explained?arrow_forwardIf you were comparing the karyotypes of species that are closely related evolutionarily, what types of similarities and differences would you expect to find?arrow_forward
- Since nucleotide sequences are more variable than amino acid sequences, you’ll use GAPDH nucleotide sequences to compare across the six taxa you’re analyzing. Suppose that you used BLAST to align all possible pairs of GAPDH sequences among lancelet, lamprey, bass, frog, turtle, and leopard. You would be able to construct the following table showing the percent similarity values across all six taxa. Leopard Turtle Frog Bass Lamprey Lancelet Leopard 100% 83% 80% 81% 76% 74% Turtle – 100% 79% 79% 74% 72% Frog – – 100% 79% 74% 71% Bass – – – 100% 77% 74% Lamprey – – – – 100% 73% Lancelet – – – – – 100% Now you can use this data (similarly to how you used the data in the character table) to build a phylogenetic tree. The distance between species in a tree is directly related to the amount of similarity between their gene sequences. For instance, two species will be closer together if the amount of similarity is high, or far apart if the amount of similarity is low. Which…arrow_forwardPlease asaparrow_forwardWould a protein encoded on the core genome or one encoded only on the pan-genome be best to use in constructing a phylogenetic tree? Explain your answerarrow_forward
- What is the main goal of comparative genome hybridization?Explain how the ratio of green to red fluorescence provides informationabout chromosome structure?arrow_forwardWhat is "homology"? What is BLAST and how is it used? What’s a major assumption when drawing evolutionary relationships between organisms based onDNA sequences?arrow_forwardMolecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.arrow_forward
- The gene density for each organism is shown in the last column of this data table. Organism Size of genome (base pairs) Size of Genome (Mb) Number of Genes Gene density (genes per Mb) H. influenzae (bacterium) 1.8 million 1.8 1700 944 S. cerevisiae (yeast) 12 million 12 6300 525 E. coli (bacterium) 4.6 million 4.6 4400 957 C. elegans (roundworm) 100 million 100 20100 201 D. melanogaster (fruit fly) 165 million 165 14000 85 A. thaliana (mustard plant) 120 million 120 25500 213 O. sativa (rice) 430 million 430 42000 98 H. sapiens (human) 3.0 billion 3000 21000 7 R. norvegicus (lab rat) 2.8 billion 2800 20000 7 P. troglodytes (chimanzee) 3.1 billion 3100 20000 6. M. mulatta (macaque) 2.9 billion 2900 22000 8 O.anatinus (duck-billed platypus) 1.8 billion 1800 18500 10 P. persica (peach) 227 million 227 27900 123 Use the table to identify three statements that are true regarding the genomes of organisms. More complex organisms (e.g., vertebrates) generally have larger genome sizes. An…arrow_forwardImagine you are studying two eukaryotic species. The genome of Species A is 100 Mb in size. The genome of Species B is 500 Mb in size. Based only on this information, which of the following statements are accurate? Species B is a more complex organism than Species A. None of the other statements can be made based solely on the information in the question. Species B has more genes than Species A. Species B has more chromosomes, more genes, and is more complex than Species A. Species B has more chromosomes than Species A.arrow_forwardFor the E.coli. bacteria (prokaryotic species) and humans (eukaryotic species), show photos of their location in the phylogenetic tree, and their clade.arrow_forward
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