(a) Interpretation: The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed. Concept introduction: The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 21.58P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The mechanism accounting for the given observations is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Why the each given ester undergoes the proposed mechanism in (a) is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ester is hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid under acidic conditions, so strong base should appear in the mechanism. Water is the nucleophile, and the leaving group is a molecule of ethanol. Proton transfer steps are incorporated to avoid the appearance of strong bases. The bulkier group at O atom in ester prevents the attack of the nucleophile at carbonyl carbon in ester.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.1P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.2P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.3P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.4P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.5P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.6P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.7P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.8P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.9P Ch. 21 - Prob. 21.10P

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Chapter 21 Solutions