Chapter 21, Problem 20P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Polymers formed in the given reactions by cross- coupling reaction are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Sonogashira coupling is the reaction in which an alkyne is reacted with an alkenyl or aryl halide in presence of a mixture of catalytic palladium and copper (I).

Suzuki Miyaura coupling is a palladium catalyzed reaction in which alkenyl or aryl borate couple with an alkenyl or aryl halides. In this reaction, the stereochemistry of reactants is retained in products.

In these reactions, carbon–carbon bond formation takes place using palladium as a catalyst.

Grubbs reagent is a ruthenium-based carbene complex used as a catalyst in olefin metathesis, ring closing metathesis and ring opening metathesis polymerization. These catalysts can form disubstituted alkenes, but a few of these catalysts can make trisubstituted alkenes.