Anatomy & Physiology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321861580
Author: Marieb, Elaine N.
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Chapter 21, Problem 10CYU
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason for the statement “The resistance in the airways is typically low”.
Introduction:
The resistance (R) in the airways is related to the gas flow(F), and pressure (P) by the following equation: F = ΔP/R. In the process of respiration, the gas amount flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure ΔP, i.e. the pressure gradient between the alveoli and external environment. For a proper gas flow the air resistance should be low, as the gas flow is inversly proportional to the airway resistance.
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19. On the diagram below
a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA.
b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing.
c. Add the following details to the diagram.
Promoter region
TATA box
Transcription start site
Transcription terminator
Intron (A,B,C,D)
Exons (1,2,3,4,5)
Splice sites
5' cap
5' UTR (untranslated region)
3' poly A tail
3' UTR (untranslated region)
Translational start (AUG)
Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA)
N and C ends of polypeptide
0000
Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter
labels are not used.
MNNNNNNIN
M
C
B
A
M
D
F
E
H
K
G
8
The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions.
1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction?
2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe:
a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why?
b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for?
3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale.
4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale.
Mutation 1
Mutation 2
Chapter 21 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 21 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21 - Which structure seals the larynx when we swallow?Ch. 21 - Which structural features of the trachea allow it...Ch. 21 - What features of the alveoli and their respiratory...Ch. 21 - A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency...Ch. 21 - The lungs are perfused by two different...Ch. 21 - What is the driving force for pulmonary...Ch. 21 - What causes the intrapulmonary pressure to...Ch. 21 - What causes the partial vacuum (negative pressure)...Ch. 21 - Prob. 10CYU
Ch. 21 - Premature infants often lack adequate surfactant....Ch. 21 - Explain why slow, deep breaths ventilate the...Ch. 21 - You are given a sealed container of water and air....Ch. 21 - PO2 in the alveoli is about 56 mm Hg lower than in...Ch. 21 - Suppose a patient is receiving oxygen by mask. Are...Ch. 21 - Rapidly metabolizing tissues generate large...Ch. 21 - Prob. 17CYUCh. 21 - What is the relationship between CO2 and pH in the...Ch. 21 - Which brain stem respiratory area is thought to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 20CYUCh. 21 - An injured soccer player arrives by ambulance in...Ch. 21 - Prob. 22CYUCh. 21 - What distinguishes the obstruction in asthma from...Ch. 21 - Prob. 24CYUCh. 21 - Cutting the phrenic nerves will result in (a) air...Ch. 21 - Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is/are...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3RQCh. 21 - The detergent-like substance that keeps the...Ch. 21 - Which of the following determines the direction of...Ch. 21 - When the inspiratory muscles contract, (a) the...Ch. 21 - The nutrient blood supply of the lungs is provided...Ch. 21 - Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the...Ch. 21 - Which of the following would not normally be...Ch. 21 - Most oxygen carried in the blood is (a) in...Ch. 21 - Which of the following has the greatest...Ch. 21 - In mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13RQCh. 21 - Prob. 14RQCh. 21 - Damage to which of the following would most likely...Ch. 21 - Prob. 16RQCh. 21 - Trace the route of air from the nares to an...Ch. 21 - (a) Why is it important that the trachea is...Ch. 21 - Briefly explain the anatomical reason why most men...Ch. 21 - The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic...Ch. 21 - Describe the functional relationships between...Ch. 21 - Discuss how airway resistance, lung compliance,...Ch. 21 - (a) Differentiate clearly between minute...Ch. 21 - Prob. 24RQCh. 21 - (a) Define hyperventilation. (b) If you...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 2CCSCh. 21 - Barbara Joley was in the bus that was hit...Ch. 21 - Barbara Joley was in the bus that was hit...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 6CCSCh. 21 - Prob. 7CCS
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