The important events in the course of an HIV infection in the absence of treatment. Concept introduction: HIV (Human Immuno Virus) is a virus that can residue in the human cells without expressing its effect. It belongs to the retroviruses family and contains single-stranded RNA. HIV enzyme “reverse transcriptase” transcribes its viral genetic material, RNA into DNA so that it can actively incorporate itself into the genetic material (DNA) of the host. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a condition in which antibodies for HIV are present in conjugation with certain opportunistic infections. The patients with AIDS will suffer from sudden decreases in the number of CD 4 cells that causes diseases in the nervous system, skin, digestive system and dementia during final stages.

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Definition Definition Organ system that helps in the digestion of food by mechanical and biochemical processes. The digestive system breaks down food into simpler components that enable the body to then absorb or transport nutrients. The human digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal and the associate glands. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The associated glands include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Chapter 20.3, Problem 11AYP

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The important events in the course of an HIV infection in the absence of treatment.

Concept introduction:

HIV (Human Immuno Virus) is a virus that can residue in the human cells without expressing its effect. It belongs to the retroviruses family and contains single-stranded RNA. HIV enzyme “reverse transcriptase” transcribes its viral genetic material, RNA into DNA so that it can actively incorporate itself into the genetic material (DNA) of the host. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a condition in which antibodies for HIV are present in conjugation with certain opportunistic infections. The patients with AIDS will suffer from sudden decreases in the number of CD4 cells that causes diseases in the nervous system, skin, digestive system and dementia during final stages.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

The current nutrition labelling regulation in Hong Kong requires food manufacturer to list E+7 information on the package of pre-packaged food products. Do you think that more nutrients, such as calcium and cholesterol, shall be included?

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Definition Definition Organ system that helps in the digestion of food by mechanical and biochemical processes. The digestive system breaks down food into simpler components that enable the body to then absorb or transport nutrients. The human digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal and the associate glands. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The associated glands include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Chapter 20.3, Problem 11AYP

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The important events in the course of an HIV infection in the absence of treatment.

Concept introduction:

HIV (Human Immuno Virus) is a virus that can residue in the human cells without expressing its effect. It belongs to the retroviruses family and contains single-stranded RNA. HIV enzyme “reverse transcriptase” transcribes its viral genetic material, RNA into DNA so that it can actively incorporate itself into the genetic material (DNA) of the host. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a condition in which antibodies for HIV are present in conjugation with certain opportunistic infections. The patients with AIDS will suffer from sudden decreases in the number of CD4 cells that causes diseases in the nervous system, skin, digestive system and dementia during final stages.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organ system that helps in the digestion of food by mechanical and biochemical processes. The digestive system breaks down food into simpler components that enable the body to then absorb or transport nutrients. The human digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal and the associate glands. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The associated glands include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Chapter 20.3, Problem 11AYP

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The important events in the course of an HIV infection in the absence of treatment.

Concept introduction:

HIV (Human Immuno Virus) is a virus that can residue in the human cells without expressing its effect. It belongs to the retroviruses family and contains single-stranded RNA. HIV enzyme “reverse transcriptase” transcribes its viral genetic material, RNA into DNA so that it can actively incorporate itself into the genetic material (DNA) of the host. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a condition in which antibodies for HIV are present in conjugation with certain opportunistic infections. The patients with AIDS will suffer from sudden decreases in the number of CD4 cells that causes diseases in the nervous system, skin, digestive system and dementia during final stages.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Organ system that helps in the digestion of food by mechanical and biochemical processes. The digestive system breaks down food into simpler components that enable the body to then absorb or transport nutrients. The human digestive system includes the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal and the associate glands. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The associated glands include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Chapter 20.3, Problem 11AYP

Summary Introduction