Chapter 20.12, Problem 42PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given starting compounds and selective reagents used to accomplish the target products transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( $\text{-CHO}$) or ketone ( $\text{-C=O}$) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, Trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

Condensation reaction:  The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids, it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Hydrolysis Reaction: This type of reaction involving the braking of a carbon-carbon triple, double bonds in a molecules using water or diluted acid such as (HCl, ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ etc.,).

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

Hydrate formation: hydronium ion is the main reagent for hydrate formation.

Conversion of a carbonyl group to a hydrate. this process is only efficient for formaldehyde and some simple aldehydes.

For ketone, the equilibrium generally does not favor formation of the hydrate.

LAH :-( Lithium Aluminum Hydride) this reagent is very useful for reduction.

It reduces aldehyde or ketone to an alcohol.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Ozoniolysis is an organic reaction where the unsaturated bonds of alkenes, or azo compounds are cleaved with ozone.

Alkenes and alkynes from organic compound in which the multiple carbon-carbon bonds has been from nitrosamines.

Grignard Reaction: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single (-C-C-) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation (a, g &h).

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given starting compounds and selective reagents used to accomplish the target products transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( $\text{-CHO}$) or ketone ( $\text{-C=O}$) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, Trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

Condensation reaction:  The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids, it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Hydrolysis Reaction: This type of reaction involving the braking of a carbon-carbon triple, double bonds in a molecules using water or diluted acid such as (HCl, ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ etc.,).

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

Hydrate formation: hydronium ion is the main reagent for hydrate formation.

Conversion of a carbonyl group to a hydrate. this process is only efficient for formaldehyde and some simple aldehydes.

For ketone, the equilibrium generally does not favor formation of the hydrate.

LAH :-( Lithium Aluminum Hydride) this reagent is very useful for reduction.

It reduces aldehyde or ketone to an alcohol.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Ozoniolysis is an organic reaction where the unsaturated bonds of alkenes, or azo compounds are cleaved with ozone.

Alkenes and alkynes from organic compound in which the multiple carbon-carbon bonds has been from nitrosamines.

Grignard Reaction: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single (-C-C-) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation (b, c& d).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given starting compounds and selective reagents used to accomplish the target products transformation should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( $\text{-CHO}$) or ketone ( $\text{-C=O}$) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, Trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

Condensation reaction:  The several organic reactions that proceeds in a step-wise reaction to produce the addition product. This type of reaction involves the formation of ammonia, ethanol or mineral acids, it is a versatile class of reaction that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of catalyst.

Hydrolysis Reaction: This type of reaction involving the braking of a carbon-carbon triple, double bonds in a molecules using water or diluted acid such as (HCl, ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$ etc.,).

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.

Hydrate formation: hydronium ion is the main reagent for hydrate formation.

Conversion of a carbonyl group to a hydrate. this process is only efficient for formaldehyde and some simple aldehydes.

For ketone, the equilibrium generally does not favor formation of the hydrate.

LAH :-( Lithium Aluminum Hydride) this reagent is very useful for reduction.

It reduces aldehyde or ketone to an alcohol.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Ozoniolysis is an organic reaction where the unsaturated bonds of alkenes, or azo compounds are cleaved with ozone.

Alkenes and alkynes from organic compound in which the multiple carbon-carbon bonds has been from nitrosamines.

Grignard Reaction: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single (-C-C-) bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

To identify: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformation (e&f).