The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1 × 10 –3 mm/yr. The depth of lettering of the tombstones shown in the following table was measured in 2010: Date on Tombstone Age (yr ) 1910 100 1921 89 1948 62 1958 52 1975 35 How much has the depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone?

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 2PEB

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1 × 10^–3 mm/yr. The depth of lettering of the tombstones shown in the following table was measured in 2010:

Date on Tombstone	Age (yr)
1910	100
1921	89
1948	62
1958	52
1975	35

How much has the depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 2PEB

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1 × 10^–3 mm/yr. The depth of lettering of the tombstones shown in the following table was measured in 2010:

Date on Tombstone	Age (yr)
1910	100
1921	89
1948	62
1958	52
1975	35

How much has the depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 2PEB

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1 × 10^–3 mm/yr. The depth of lettering of the tombstones shown in the following table was measured in 2010:

Date on Tombstone	Age (yr)
1910	100
1921	89
1948	62
1958	52
1975	35

How much has the depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 20, Problem 2PEB

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1 × 10^–3 mm/yr. The depth of lettering of the tombstones shown in the following table was measured in 2010:

Date on Tombstone	Age (yr)
1910	100
1921	89
1948	62
1958	52
1975	35

How much has the depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

Answer to Problem 2PEB

Solution:

2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm

Explanation of Solution

Given data:

The average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.

The depth of lettering of the tomstones shown in the following table was measured by 2010.

Date on TombstoneAge(yr)1910100192189194862195852197535

Formula used:

Write the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Explanation:

Recall that the weathering rate is divided by the surface reduction by the age of the tombstone.

Rate=Reductionage

Rearranged:

Reduction=Rate(age) …… (1)

For date of tombstone 1920 and age 100 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 100 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1910=2.1×10−3 mmyr(100 yr)=2.1×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1921 and age 89 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 89 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1921=2.1×10−3 mmyr(89 yr)=1.86×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1948 and age 62 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 62 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1948=2.1×10−3 mmyr(62 yr)=1.30×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1958 and age 52 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 52 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1958=2.1×10−3 mmyr(52 yr)=1.09×10−1 mm

For date of tombstone 1975 and age 35 yr:

Substitute 2.1×10−3 mmyr for rate and 35 yr for age in equation (1).

(Reduction)1975=2.1×10−3 mmyr(35 yr)=7.35×10−2 mm

Conclusion:

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstones are 2.1×10−1 mm,1.86×10−1 mm,1.30×10−1 mm,1.09×10−1 mm and 7.35×10−2 mm, respectively.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

To determine

The depth of the lettering been reduced on each tombstone if the average rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rock in an urban area is 2.1×10−3 mm/yr.