The energy of the universe has to be predicted. Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system. First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy of the universe has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy.

Spontaneous process: A process which is initiated by itself, without the help of external energy source is called spontaneous process. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease in free energy in the system.

First law of thermodynamics: According to first law, the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The creation or destruction of energy has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy of the system decreases.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the energy change of system and surroundings should be explained.

Concept introduction:

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 20.1AFP Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 20.1BFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.2AFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.2BFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.3AFP Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 20.3BFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.4AFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.4BFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.5AFP Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 20.5BFP

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