(a) Interpretation: The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined. Concept introduction: Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.39P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Similar to esters that can undergo transesterification, an anhydride can be synthesized from another anhydride. To accomplish this transformation, the anhydride reactant is treated with excess sodium acetate. The leaving group is benzoate which leaves the molecule and the final product is formed.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is acyl substitution involving other carboxylic acid derivatives reaction. The nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions take place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The given reaction is the synthesis of an amide from an ester. The reaction of the formation of an amide from an ester takes place in two steps. The first step involves the addition of the nucleophile to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, reformation of carbonyl and loss of leaving group takes place.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The transformation of the given reaction is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In the stability order, an amide is on a lower rung than a carboxylic acid. Therefore, the conversion of an amide to a carboxylic acid is energetically unfavorable. The transformation of an amide to the carboxylic acid is carried out by treating an amide with a hydroxyl group, followed by an acid workup. This reaction is termed as an amide hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 14

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.1P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.2P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.3P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.4P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.5P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.6P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.7P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.8P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.9P Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.10P

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