Mastering Physics with Pearson eText -- Standalone Access Card -- for University Physics with Modern Physics (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780133978216
Author: Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 20.2DQ
To determine
Two examples of reversible processes and two examples for irreversible processes with explanation.
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Give two examples of reversible processes and two examples of irreversible processes in purely mechanical systems, such as blocks sliding on planes, springs, pulleys, and strings. Explain what makes each process reversible or irreversible.
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2. Which of the following mechanical processes are not reversible, in the
2
sense that energy converted from one form to another cannot be
completely converted from the second form back to the first form? *
O A ball is tossed upward, gaining height.
A moving block slides to a stop because of friction.
O A moving cart is caught by a spring, stretching the spring.
A gasoline truck engine takes in 10,000 J of heat and delivers 2,000 J of mechanical work per cycle. Is the process reversible? Explain.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Mastering Physics with Pearson eText -- Standalone Access Card -- for University Physics with Modern Physics (14th Edition)
Ch. 20.1 - Your left and right hands are normally at the same...Ch. 20.2 - Rank the following heat engines in order from...Ch. 20.3 - For an Otto-cycle engine with cylinders of a fixed...Ch. 20.4 - Can you cool your house by leaving the...Ch. 20.5 - Would a 100%-efficient engine (Fig. 20.11a)...Ch. 20.6 - An inventor looking for financial support comes to...Ch. 20.7 - Suppose 2.00 kg of water at 50C spontaneously...Ch. 20.8 - A quantity of N molecules of an ideal gas...Ch. 20 - A pot is half-filled with water, and a lid is...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.2DQ
Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.3DQCh. 20 - Prob. 20.4DQCh. 20 - Why must a room air conditioner be placed in a...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.6DQCh. 20 - Prob. 20.7DQCh. 20 - An electric motor has its shaft coupled to that of...Ch. 20 - When a wet cloth is hung up in a hot wind in the...Ch. 20 - Compare the pV-diagram for the Otto cycle in Fig....Ch. 20 - The efficiency of heat engines is high when the...Ch. 20 - What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine...Ch. 20 - Real heat engines, like the gasoline engine in a...Ch. 20 - Does a refrigerator full of food consume more...Ch. 20 - In Example 20.4, a Carnot refrigerator requires a...Ch. 20 - How can the thermal conduction of heat from a hot...Ch. 20 - Explain why each of the following processes is an...Ch. 20 - The free expansion of an ideal gas is an adiabatic...Ch. 20 - Are the earth and sun in thermal equilibrium? Are...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.20DQCh. 20 - Prob. 20.21DQCh. 20 - Prob. 20.22DQCh. 20 - BIO A growing plant creates a highly complex and...Ch. 20 - A diesel engine performs 2200 J of mechanical work...Ch. 20 - An aircraft engine takes in 9000 J of heat and...Ch. 20 - A Gasoline Engine. A gasoline engine takes in 1.61...Ch. 20 - A gasoline engine has a power output of 180 kW...Ch. 20 - The pV-diagram in Fig. E20.5 shows a cycle of heat...Ch. 20 - (a) Calculate the theoretical efficiency for an...Ch. 20 - The Otto-cycle engine in a Mercedes-Benz SL1 a...Ch. 20 - Section 20.4 Refrigerators 20.8The coefficient of...Ch. 20 - A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 20 - A freezer has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 20 - A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of...Ch. 20 - A Carnot engine is operated between two heat...Ch. 20 - A Carnot engine whose high-temperature reservoir...Ch. 20 - An ice-making machine operates in a Carnot cycle....Ch. 20 - A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 66% and...Ch. 20 - A certain brand of freezer is advertised to use...Ch. 20 - A Carnot refrigerator is operated between two heat...Ch. 20 - A Carnot heat engine uses a hot reservoir...Ch. 20 - You design an engine that takes in 1.50 104 J of...Ch. 20 - A 4.50-kg block of ice at 0.00C falls into the...Ch. 20 - A sophomore with nothing better to do adds heat to...Ch. 20 - CALC You decide to take a nice hot bath but...Ch. 20 - A 15.0-kg block of ice at 0.0C melts to liquid...Ch. 20 - CALC You make tea with 0.250 kg of 85.0C water and...Ch. 20 - Three moles of an ideal gas undergo a reversible...Ch. 20 - What is the change in entropy of 0.130 kg of...Ch. 20 - (a) Calculate the change in entropy when 1.00 kg...Ch. 20 - Entropy Change Due to Driving. Premium gasoline...Ch. 20 - CALC Two moles of an ideal gas occupy a volume V....Ch. 20 - A box is separated by a partition into two parts...Ch. 20 - CALC A lonely party balloon with a volume of 2.40...Ch. 20 - You are designing a Carnot engine that has 2 mol...Ch. 20 - CP An ideal Carnot engine operates between 500C...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.34PCh. 20 - CP A certain heat engine operating on a Carnot...Ch. 20 - A heat engine takes 0.350 mol of a diatomic ideal...Ch. 20 - Prob. 20.37PCh. 20 - What is the thermal efficiency of an engine that...Ch. 20 - CALC You build a heal engine that takes 1.00 mol...Ch. 20 - CP As a budding mechanical engineer, you are...Ch. 20 - CALC A heal engine Operates using the cycle shown...Ch. 20 - CP BIO Humun Entropy. A person who has skin of...Ch. 20 - An experimental power plant at the Natural Energy...Ch. 20 - CP BIO A Human Engine. You decide to use your body...Ch. 20 - CALC A cylinder contains oxygen at a pressure of...Ch. 20 - A monatomic ideal gas it taken around the cycle...Ch. 20 - A Carnot engine operates between two heat...Ch. 20 - A typical coal-fired power plant generates 1000 MW...Ch. 20 - Automotive Thermodynamics. A Volkswagen Passat has...Ch. 20 - An air conditioner operates on 800 W of power and...Ch. 20 - The pV-diagram in Fig. P20.51 shows the cycle for...Ch. 20 - BIO Human Entropy. A person with skin of surface...Ch. 20 - CALC An object of mass m1, specific heat c1, and...Ch. 20 - CALC To heat 1 cup of water (250 cm3) to make...Ch. 20 - DATA In your summer job with a venture capital...Ch. 20 - DATA For a refrigerator or air conditioner, the...Ch. 20 - DATA You are conducting experiments to study...Ch. 20 - Consider a Diesel cycle that starts (at point a in...Ch. 20 - POWER FROM THE SEA. Ocean thermal energy...Ch. 20 - POWER FROM THE SEA. Ocean thermal energy...Ch. 20 - POWER FROM THE SEA. Ocean thermal energy...Ch. 20 - POWER FROM THE SEA. Ocean thermal energy...
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- Of the following, which is not a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? (a) No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and use it entirely to do work, (b) No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs, (c) When a system undergoes a change in state, the change in the internal energy of the system is the sum of the energy transferred to the system by heat and the work done on the system, (d) The entropy of the Universe increases in all natural processes, (e) Energy will not spontaneously transfer by heat from a cold object to a hot object.arrow_forwardConsider cyclic processes completely characterized by each of the following net energy inputs and outputs. In each case, the energy transfers listed are the only ones occurring. Classify each process as (a) possible, (b) impossible according to the first law of thermodynamics, (c) impossible according to the second law of thermodynamics, or (d) impossible according to both the first and second laws. (i) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 4 J of work. (ii) Input is 5 J of work, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (iii) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by electrical transmission, and output is 6 J of work. (iv) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of energy transferred by heat. (v) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 5 J of work. (vi) Input is 5 J of energy transferred by heat, and output is 3 J of work plus 2 J of energy transferred by heat.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true for the entropy change of a system that undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process? (a) S 0 (b) S = 0 (c) S 0arrow_forward
- (a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forward(a) In reaching equilibrium, how much heat transfer occurs from 1.00 kg of water at 40.0C when it is placed in contact with 1.00 kg of 20.0C water in reaching equilibrium? (b) What is the change in entropy due to this heat transfer? (c) How much work is made unavailable, taking the lowest temperature to be 20.0C ? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy.arrow_forwardSuppose an ideal (Carnot) heat pump could be constructed for use as an air conditioner. (a) Obtain an expression for the coefficient of performance (COP) for such an air conditioner in terms of Tb and Tc. (b) Would such an air conditioner operate on a smaller energy input if the difference in the operating temperatures were greater or smaller? (c) Compute the COP for such an air conditioner if the indoor temperature is 20.0C and the outdoor temperature is 40.0C.arrow_forward
- (a) How much food energy will a man metabolize in the process of doing 35.0 kJ of work with an efficiency of 5.00%? (b) How much heal transfer occurs to the environment to keep his temperature constant? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem—Solving Strategy for thermodynamics found in Problem-Solving Strategies for Thermodynamics.arrow_forward(a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 10 coins in the 5 heads and 5 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 2 heads and 8 tails? (b) How much more likely is 5 heads and 5 tails than 2 heads and 8 tails? (Take the ratio of the number of microstates to find out.) (c) If you were betting on 2 heads and 8 tails would you accept odds of 252 to 45? Explain Why or why not. Table 15.5 10Coin Toss MacrostateNumber of Microstates (W) Heads Tails 10 0 1 9 1 10 8 2 45 7 3 120 6 4 210 5 5 252 4 6 210 3 7 120 2 8 45 1 9 10 0 10 1 Total: 1024arrow_forward(a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of 21.0C and an average outdoor temperature of 5.00C ? (b) This large change in entropy implies a large amount of energy has become unavailable to do work. Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us?arrow_forward
- It is unlikely that a process can be isothermal unless it is a very slow process. Explain why. Is the same true for isobaric and isochoric processes? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWhat is the change in entropy in an adiabatic process? Does this imply that adiabatic processes are reversible? Can a process be precisely adiabatic for a macroscopic system?arrow_forwardA large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forward
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