Essential Cell Biology (Fourth Edition)
Essential Cell Biology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780815345251
Author: Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 20, Problem 18Q
Summary Introduction

To explain: Whether estrogen and androgens are mutagenic.

Introduction: Cancer is a state where the cells grow wildly and uninhibitedly. Every cell must perform its assigned function and undergo death at a particular stage. Cancer cells arise when the normal cells refuse to undergo apoptosis (cell death) and multiply indefinitely by disrupting the task performed by other cells in the body. Any agents (probably foreign) that can alter a genetic makeup of an organism and induce certain diseases (for example cancer) are called as a mutagen. But, certain cancer-causing agents are already present in our body whose increased expression in the body can contribute to occurrence of cancer. One such mutagen in our body is the sex hormones called the estrogen and androgen whose increased expression leads to breast cancer or uterus and prostate cancer, respectively.

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You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?
You decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.
You implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb?  Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.
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