Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 9Q
Figure 2.26 is an evolutionary tree showing the relationships among five living species of snails. Draw a genealogical pedigree of your family or a friend’s family, starting with the oldest and continuing to the youngest generation. Compare the pedigree to the evolutionary tree. How are evolutionary trees and pedigrees similar? How are they different?
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Students have asked these similar questions
What is a cladogram?
A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at
groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C.
Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles.
1. Which two organisms are most closely related?
2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared
by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait
that would apply.
3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does
not have, indicated by the orange circle.
Suggest a trait that would apply.
Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg
B.
Match the terms to their descriptors. NOTE: If you want to change your selection, you'll need to delete the one you already chose. After you delete it, the list
of choices will pop back up and you can make a different choice.
Two species evolve in different directions from a common starting
point
Divergent evolution
Two species independently evolve similar structures
Homologous structures
Traits that look similar but were not inherited from a common
Convergent evolution
ancestor
Analogous structures
Traits that are similar because they were inherited from a common
ancestor
Incomplete lineage sorting happens when the ancestral species has loci with a great variety
of allelic variations. In the case of human evolution, what does incomplete lineage sorting
cause?
O It causes that phylogenies using nuclear genes have less support than phylogenies using
mitochondrial genes
O It causes that primates can hybridize among species
O It causes that phylogenies show that humans are more closely related to gorillas than to
chimpanzees (and bonobos)
It causes that phylogenies showing chimpanzees (and bonobos) more closely related to humans are
less prone to error
Chapter 2 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 2 - Review the kinds of evidence for evolution...Ch. 2 - Consider the experiment described in Section 2.1...Ch. 2 - In addition to dogs, list at least two or three...Ch. 2 - Look back at Figure 2.14d, which shows the two...Ch. 2 - Figures 2.20 through 2.22 show examples of...Ch. 2 - The transitional fossils in Figure 2.21...Ch. 2 - Section 2.4 presented two definitions of homology:...Ch. 2 - Analogy and homology are important concepts used...Ch. 2 - Figure 2.26 is an evolutionary tree showing the...Ch. 2 - According to the evolutionary tree shown in Figure...
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- You become interested in monarch butterfly conservation and begin investigating milkweeds (genus Asclepias), their larval host plant. You decide to construct a phylogeny for Illinois milkweed species based on DNA sequence data. You sequence a chloroplast gene from five species, as shown in the table below. For your outgroup, you sequence Tropical milkweed, a species that is more distantly related to the other species. Using parsimony, construct the tree that requires the fewest number of mutations. Starting with your inferred ancestral sequence, mark each mutation and its sequence position on your tree. Hints: Assume the outgroup sequence is the ancestral sequence. Focus on the shared mutations (synapomorphies). Sites that do not vary among species are not useful for phylogenetics and can be ignored. Mutations that only occur in one species (autapomorphies) should be marked on the tree but do not help in constructing the tree. Table 1. Sequence 175-186 in chloroplast trnL/F gene…arrow_forwardA scientist is attempting to build a cladogram that shows the evolutionary closeness of three organisms in relation to humans. After doing DNA analysis, they determine that the organisms share the following percentages of DNA: Organism A and humans share 85% of their DNA. Organism B and humans share 80% of their DNA. Organism C and humans share 90% of their DNA. Based on this information, which order should they go on the cladogram (from least related to most related)?arrow_forwardThe matrix below provides information about each candy 'species. Each column represents a candy trait, with 1's meaning the candy bar has that trait, and 0's meaning the candy bar does not have that trait. For example, Cherry Mash (24) is the only candy bar with the Cherry trait, while both Almond Joy (21) and Mounds (22) have the Coconut trait. (The trait matrix tells you which candy bars have which traits. Based upon this phylogenetic tree and this trait matrix, is the following statement supported? True for 'yes, the statement is supported , False for 'no, the statement is not supported . 1) “Drops” is a more recently evolved trait than “Rectangular Bar” True or false 2) There is evidence of milk chocolate trait-loss in the Reese's /PayDay / Butterfinger clade (18, 19, 20) . True or false 3) If "Flat Bar" is an ancestral trait, then it was lost at least 1 time and re-evolved at least 1 time. True or falsearrow_forward
- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b)arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardSort the following photos into three taxa (groups). Each taxa must contain only four creatures - no repeats! HINT: Figure out what physical trait is always found in all of the creatures in one taxon, J but is never found in any member of a different taxon. "Wings" does not work! Letters in: Taxon 1 = Taxon 2 = Taxon 3 = E K F L What physical trait do they all share? What physical trait do they all share? What physical trait do they all share?arrow_forward
- What are homologous structures? Give an example. Is it necessary that homologous structures always have a common ancestorsarrow_forwardIn the last lab while creating a phylogenetic tree using PAUP/CIPRES, Fagus grandifolia was specified as the outgroup . Why is this step important? If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIPRES will produce an unrooted tree in which outgroup is not connected to the rest of the tree by a common ancestor If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIPRES will produce an unrooted tree in which the outgroup might not branch off prior to the common ancestor of the organisms under study O If the outgroup is not specified, PAUP or CIIPRES will produce an unrooted tree. Unrooted trees do not follow the Law of Parsimony All options are incorrectarrow_forwardDraw an evolutionary tree representing the hominins from 7 million years to the present. You can use a combination of dotted and solid lines to indicate descent.arrow_forward
- Based on the character matrix in the picture, draw a Venn diagram. Start with the character that is shared by all the taxa on the outside. Inside each box, write the taxa that have only that set of characters. Next, make a cladogram based on the matrix and Venn diagram.arrow_forwarda) Is Figure 1 a cladogram, phylogram, or chronogram? b) According to Figure 1, all bears share a common ancestor with what group of mammals? c) What pair of bear species diverged most recently? d) The ancestor of what species of bear diverged the earliest from the ancestor of all other bears?arrow_forwardThree species of orchid bees are in the genus Euglossa and one is in the genus Eulaema. You don’t know which Euglossa are most related. Draw a phylogenetic tree of these species, including the outgroup Apis (genus of honey bees).arrow_forward
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